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\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li757\lin757 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace120\levelindent180{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 
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\fi-180\li2737\lin2737 }{\listname ;}\listid688917524}{\list\listtemplateid258114208{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
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\fi-794\li794\jclisttab\tx1080\lin794 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'06\'00.\'01.\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01\'03\'05;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-504\li1224
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\'10\'00.\'01.\'02.\'03.\'04.\'05.\'06.\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01\'03\'05\'07\'09\'0b\'0d\'0f;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-1224\li3744\jclisttab\tx5400\lin3744 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
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{\list\listtemplateid621053444{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'04\'00.\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01\'03;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-432\li792\jclisttab\tx1080\lin792 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
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{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807579\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
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{\leveltext\'0c\'00.\'01.\'02.\'03.\'04.\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01\'03\'05\'07\'09\'0b;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-936\li2736\jclisttab\tx3960\lin2736 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'0e\'00.\'01.\'02.\'03.\'04.\'05.\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01\'03\'05\'07\'09\'0b\'0d;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-1080\li3240\jclisttab\tx4680\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
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\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs32\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs36 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs36\insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 Biomechanics of the menisc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs36 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs36\insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 us-meniscal ligament construct of the knee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs36 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs36\insrsid6890132\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12134964 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12134964 
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\b\fs28\insrsid12134964\charrsid15878914  Masouros}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\super\insrsid12134964 1,2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12134964 , I.D. McDermott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\super\insrsid6098176 3,4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12134964 , A.A. Amis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\super\insrsid12134964 2,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\super\insrsid6098176 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12134964 , A.M.J. Bull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\super\insrsid12134964 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\super\insrsid12134964\charrsid4212664 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12134964 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 Department of Bioengineering, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}Imperial{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}College{\*\xmlclose} 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PostalCode}}SW7 2AZ{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}Imperial{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}College{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}London
{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PostalCode}}SW7 2AZ{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 Northwood }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid6098176 Sports }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 Orthopaedic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid6098176 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname address}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname Street}}166 Northwood Way{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, Northwood, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}Middlesex{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PostalCode}}HA6 1RB{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid6098176 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 
The Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University School of Sport & Education, Heinz Wolff Building, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid291438 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid6098176 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid2511201 Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}Imperial{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}College{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PostalCode}}W6 8RF{\*\xmlclose} 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964 
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2832716 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12463397 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15169207 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2832716\charrsid12734296 Corresponding Author}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296\charrsid12734296 : \tab 
Anthony MJ Bull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2832716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12734296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296\charrsid12734296 Room 431 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}RSM{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}Building{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296 Bioengineering Department
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296\charrsid12734296 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}Imperial{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}College{\*\xmlclose} 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par South Kensington Campus
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} SW7 2AZ
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par Tel:\~+44 20 7594 5186
\par Fax:\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296\charrsid12734296 +44 20 759}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15169207 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296\charrsid12734296 9817
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12734296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12734296\charrsid12734296 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1031\langfe2057\langnp1031\insrsid4212664\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2832716 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1031\langfe2057\langnp1031\insrsid2832716 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid9517587\charrsid2832716 Abstract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6890132\charrsid2832716 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12134964 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid12134964 
The menisci of the knee act primarily to redistribute contact force across the tibio-femoral articulation. This meniscal function is achieved through a combination of the material, geometry
 and attachments of the menisci. The main ligaments that attach the menisci to the tibia (insertional ligaments, deep medial collateral ligament), the femur (meniscofemoral ligaments, deep medial collateral ligament), and each other (the anterior intermen
iscal ligament) are the means by which the contact force between tibia and femur is distributed into hoop stresses in the menisci to reduce contact pressure at the joint. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid12134964  means that the functional biomechanics of the menisci cannot be considered in iso
lation and should be considered as the functional biomechanics of the meniscus-meniscal ligament construct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11157368 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid11157368\charrsid13374538 
This paper presents the current knowledge on the anatomy and functional biomechanics of the meniscus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid11157368  and its associated ligaments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid11157368\charrsid13374538 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10034029 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid12134964 Much is know}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid12134964  about the function of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10034029 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid12134964  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10034029\charrsid12134964 meniscus-meniscal ligament construct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964\charrsid12134964 
; however, there still remain significant gaps in literature in terms of the properties of the anterior intermeniscal ligament and its function, the properties of the insertional ligaments, and the
 most appropriate ways to reconstruct meniscal function surgically.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12134964 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2832716 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2832716\charrsid12134964 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6890132\charrsid16721483 Keywords }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid12134964  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2511201\charrsid12134964 meniscus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid3812430 biomechanics, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10226604\charrsid12134964 material properties, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2511201\charrsid12134964 ligaments}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid4811777 , knee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6890132\charrsid16721483 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid2832716 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15473959 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832716 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6890132\charrsid16721483 Introduction
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10226604 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2514145\charrsid16721483 The menisci are two crescentic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12788929\charrsid16721483 , wedged-shaped }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2514145\charrsid16721483 fibrocartilages }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12788929\charrsid16721483 lying on the tibial plateau in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4013081\charrsid16721483 
medial and lateral compartments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008  of the knee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid922412\charrsid16721483 . They}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4013081\charrsid16721483 
 are attached to the tibia mainly via insertional ligaments at their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008 anterior and posterior }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4013081\charrsid16721483 
horns. Other ligaments attached to the menisci include the deep medial collateral ligament (dMCL), the anterior intermensical ligament (AIL) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid922412\charrsid16721483 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7435166 two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4013081\charrsid16721483 meniscofemoral ligaments (MFLs)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14552839  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5971864\charrsid14552839 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11368367 igure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864\charrsid14552839  1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14552839 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4013081\charrsid16721483 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 Over the years there has been a complete reversal of attitudes to the menisci among orthopaedic surgeons that has resulted in numerous different surgical interventions. Befor
e their important roles within the joint were appreciated, menisci were excised routinely if they had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008  been damaged and were causing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 symptoms}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008\charrsid1998008  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008 of pain, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008\charrsid16721483 locking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008  or giving way}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 . Meniscal tears are the most common knee injury }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Au
thor>Campbell</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>338</RecNum><IDText>MR Imaging of Meniscal Cysts: Incidence, Location, and Clinical Significance</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>338</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>MR Imaging of Me
n
iscal Cysts: Incidence, Location, and Clinical Significance</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Campbell,Scot E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sanders,Timothy G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morrison,William B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/8/1
<
/Date_Primary><Keywords>Arthroscopy</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>409</Start_Page><End_Page>413</End_Page><Periodical>Am.J.Roentgenol.</Periodical><Volume>177</Volume><Issue>2</Is
s
ue><Web_URL>http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/abstract/177/2/409</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Roentgenology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am.J.Roentgenol.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Workfor
m
ID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Baker</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>358</RecNum><IDText>Review of meniscal injury and associated sports</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>358</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Review
 
of meniscal injury and associated sports</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Baker,B.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1985</Date_Primary><Keywords>Injury</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_P
a
ge>1</Start_Page><End_Page>4</End_Page><Periodical>The American Journal Of Sports Medicine</Periodical><Volume>13</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0363-5465</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?sid=google&amp;auinit=BE&amp;aula
s
t=Baker&amp;atitle=Review%20of%20meniscal%20injury%20and%20associated%20sports&amp;id=pmid%3A3838420</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The American Journal Of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Ci
te></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [9,16]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 
 and it is now fully appreciated that meniscectomy increases the probability of developing degenerative changes within the joint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 
 accelerates the degeneration in joints with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1998008 pre-existing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 osteoarthritis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cit
e><Author>Andriacchi</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>297</RecNum><IDText>A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>297</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A framework f
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r the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Andriacchi,Thomas P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mundermann,Anne</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,R.Lane</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Alexander,Eu
g
ene J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dyrby,Chris O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koo,Seungbum</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>447</Start_Page><End_Page>457</En
d
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l
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y><Authors_Primary>Roos,Harald</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adalberth,Torsten</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dahlberg,Leif</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lohmander,L.Stefan</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>Age</Key
w
ords><Keywords>Arthroscopy</Keywords><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Knee injury</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>Osteoarthritis</Keywords><Reprint
>
Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>261</Start_Page><End_Page>267</End_Page><Periodical>Osteoarthritis and Cartilage</Periodical><Volume>3</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WP3-4H99DM1-5/2/30cdf76b758f762e2080b42
2
4bc91187</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Osteoarthritis and Cartilage</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Roos</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>359</RecNum><IDText>Joint injury causes knee ost
e
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/
Date_Primary><Keywords>Injury</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Osteoarthritis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>195</Start_Page><End_Page>200</End_Page><Periodical>Current opinion in rheumatology</Periodical><Volume>17</Volum
e
><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>1040-8711</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?sid=OVID&amp;isbn=&amp;issn=1040-8711&amp;volume=17&amp;issue=2&amp;date=2005&amp;title=Current%20Opinion%20in%20Rheumatology&amp;atitle=Joint%20injury%20
c
auses%20knee%20osteoarthritis%20in%20young%20adults.&amp;aulast=Roos%2C%20Ewa&amp;spage=195</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Current opinion in rheumatology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>
H
unter</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>318</RecNum><IDText>The association of meniscal pathologic changes with cartilage loss in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>318</Ref_ID><Title_Primary
>
The association of meniscal pathologic changes with cartilage loss in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hunter,DJ</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zhang,YQ</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Niu,JB</Authors_Primary><Authors_P
r
imary>Tu,X</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amin,S</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Clancy,M</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guermazi,A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grigorian,M</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gale,D</Authors_Primary><Authors_Pr
i
mary>Felson,DT</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>Osteoarthritis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>795</Start_Page><End_Page>801<
/
End_Page><Periodical>Arthritis and Rheumatism</Periodical><Volume>54</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL_Link1><u>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112467934/PDFSTART</u></Web_URL_Link1><Web_URL_Link2><u>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/c
gi-bin/fulltext/112467934/HTMLSTART</u></Web_URL_Link2><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Arthritis and Rheumatism</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
[6,34,67,68]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 . A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 
 number of studies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483  shown that the menisci play important roles in load bearing }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bullough</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><IDText>The strength of the menisci of the knee as it relates to their fine structure</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Jo
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r
phy,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Weinstein,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><St
a
rt_Page>564</Start_Page><End_Page>567</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>52</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C0BGC-33K/2/42b18146cc327c07e60aa
f
b4663888bf</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fukubayashi</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><ID
T
ext>The contact area and pressure distribution pattern of the knee. A study of normal and osteoarthrotic knee joints</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>197</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The contact area and pressure distribution 
p
attern of the knee. A study of normal and osteoarthrotic knee joints</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukubayashi,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kurosawa,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in
 
File</Reprint><Start_Page>871</Start_Page><End_Page>879</End_Page><Periodical>Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica</Periodical><Volume>51</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C7M2C-51P/2/8042891f907da5eb589596015
8
c25b32</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Seedhom</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>203</RecNum><IDText>Loadbearing function of t
h
e menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>203</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Loadbearing function of the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Seedhom,B.B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1976/6/10</Date_Primary><Keywords>meni
s
ci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>223</Start_Page><End_Page>223</End_Page><Periodical>Physiotherapy</Periodical><Volume>62</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C543N-19H/2/ae7c1beb6ca6a
8
60b1d23287ad48ac72</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Physiotherapy</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Walker</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>196</RecNum><IDText>The role of the menisci in forc
e
 transmission across the knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>196</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walker,P.S.</Authors_Primary><Author
s
_Primary>Erkman,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1975</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>184</Start_Page><End_Page>192</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Res
e
arch</Periodical><Issue>109</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C2F4V-20/2/4ca602ff06afd4e81396a5b701f7ec9c</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev
><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [13,25,69,81]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483  and shock absorption within the knee }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Krause</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>201</RecNum><IDText>Mechanical changes in the knee after meniscecto
my</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>201</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Mechanical changes in the knee after meniscectomy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Krause,W.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pope,M.H.</Authors_Primary><A
u
thors_Primary>Johnson,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wilder,D.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1976/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>599</Sta
r
t_Page><End_Page>604</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>58</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C502F-2RM/2/9558765b74658899c82231b80007ebe9</Web
_
URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Kurosawa</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><IDText>Load-bearing m
o
de of the knee joint: physical behavior of the knee joint with or without menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>27</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Load-bearing mode of the knee joint: physical behavior of the knee joint with o
r
 without menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kurosawa,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukubayashi,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakajima,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Key
w
ords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>283</Start_Page><End_Page>290</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>149</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl
e
/B6WVB-45C75W2-16B/2/a5fc62ddbd3709bc171717acb35d5ec9</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Voloshin</Author><Year>1983
<
/Year><RecNum>200</RecNum><IDText>Shock absorption of meniscectomized and painful knees: a comparative in vivo study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>200</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Shock absorption of meniscectomized and pai
n
ful knees: a comparative in vivo study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Voloshin,A.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wosk,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1983/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywo
r
ds><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>157</Start_Page><End_Page>161</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Biomedical Engineering</Periodical><Volume>5</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CC1SD-29T/2/abd9
2fc4c75cc2300d1067c2b5b89ed5</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Biomedical Engineering</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
[39,40,80]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 , and that they are also seco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2514145\charrsid16721483 ndary stabilisers of the joint }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>211</RecNum><IDText>Rotatory laxity of the human knee joint</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>211</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rotatory laxity o
f the human knee joint</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wang,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walker,P.S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1974/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>161</Start_Page><End_Page
>
170</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>56</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C1W1C-P3/2/37952a83a36a971f496e367fa1c916ca</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalSt
d
Abbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Shoemaker</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><IDText>The role of the meniscus in th
e
 anterior-posterior stability of the loaded anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Effects of partial versus total excision</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>212</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The role of the meniscus in the anterior-
p
osterior stability of the loaded anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Effects of partial versus total excision</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shoemaker,S.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Markolf,K.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986/1</Date_Primary><
K
eywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>71</Start_Page><End_Page>79</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>68</Volume>
<
Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CDP0F-3TD/2/1706ebc94dcded713b30544b49820f4e</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Wor
k
formID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Markolf</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>213</RecNum><IDText>The role of joint load in knee stability</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>213</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The rol
e
 of joint load in knee stability</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Markolf,K.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bargar,W.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shoemaker,S.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amstutz,H.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1981
/
4</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>570</Start_Page><End_Page>585</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>63</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www
.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C7MF7-1NM/2/1cc327732bc3a0305e54f7f67a61537a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Ci
t
e><Cite><Author>Markolf</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>214</RecNum><IDText>Stiffness and laxity of the knee--the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_I
D
>214</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Stiffness and laxity of the knee--the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Markolf,K.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mensch,J.S.</Authors_Primary><Author
s
_Primary>Amstutz,H.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1976/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>583</Start_Page><End_Page>594</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint S
u
rgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>58</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C502F-2RJ/2/c39b796be15eec24f1a163868a6148e4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Su
r
gery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Levy</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>215</RecNum><IDText>The effect of lateral meniscectomy on motion of the knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Re
f
_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>215</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The effect of lateral meniscectomy on motion of the knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levy,I.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Torzilli,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gould,J.D.</Aut
h
ors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Warren,R.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>401</Start_Page><End_Page>406</End_Page>
<
Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>71</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CK339-C/2/cc00ba775c1bacb32a1bca94f0997b44</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name=
"
System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Levy</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>216</RecNum><IDText>The effect of medial meniscectomy on anterior-poste
r
ior motion of the knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>216</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The effect of medial meniscectomy on anterior-posterior motion of the knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levy,I.M.</Authors_Primary><Au
t
hors_Primary>Torzilli,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Warren,R.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>883</Sta
r
t_Page><End_Page>888</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>64</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C8DND-3H4/2/ee62e34775b142ccdb4140d3f429a50d</Web
_
URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fukubayashi</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>218</RecNum><IDText>An in vitr
o
 biomechanical evaluation of anterior-posterior motion of the knee. Tibial displacement, rotation, and torque</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>218</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>An in vitro biomechanical evaluation of anterior-p
o
sterior motion of the knee. Tibial displacement, rotation, and torque</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukubayashi,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Torzilli,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sherman,M.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Warren,R.
F
.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>258</Start_Page><End_Page>264</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</Periodical><Volume>64</Volu
m
e><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C87W0-3TP/2/b4bd0819a33302f180e54dc3002eb32c</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.American Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_
W
orkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Oretorp</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>219</RecNum><IDText>Long term results of surgery for non-acute anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</
R
ef_Type><Ref_ID>219</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Long term results of surgery for non-acute anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oretorp,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gillquist,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary
>
Liljedahl,S.O.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>329</Start_Page><End_Page>336</End_Page><Periodical>Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica</Periodical><Volume>50</Volume><Issue>
3
</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C6JBV-52F/2/b2d21bb7ffaa4a8cfc8253482db45e08</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL
></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [26,43,44,47,48,58,72,82]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 . Further roles in joint lubrication and nutrient distribution }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Renstrom</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>171</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci</IDTex
t><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>171</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Renstrom,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johnson,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990
/
7</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>biomechanics</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>523</Start_Page><End_Page>538</End_Page><Periodical>Clinics In Sports Medicine</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume
>
<Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CMMKY-TN/2/c71b43046050b22f96b4d512512349c4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinics In Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></
MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [64]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483  as well as sensory function and proprioception }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Messner</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>170</RecNum><IDText>The menisci of the knee joint. Anatomical and functional characteristics, and a 
rationale for clinical treatment</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>170</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The menisci of the knee joint. Anatomical and functional characteristics, and a rationale for clinical treatment</Title_Primary
>
<Authors_Primary>Messner,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gao,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>161</Start_
P
age><End_Page>178</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Anatomy</Periodical><Volume>193 ( Pt 2)</Volume><Web_URL><u>http://psea1.swetswise.com/swetsfo/swproxy?url=file%3A%2F%2F00%2F513%2F00408513.pdf&amp;ts=1131979276840&amp;cs=305233231</u></Web_URL><ZZ_Journ
alStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Anatomy</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [53]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483  have also been proposed.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 Although the biomechanical function of the menisci has been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4013081\charrsid16721483 investigated by numerous researchers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4013081\charrsid16721483 only few have looked into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10506373\charrsid16721483 the biomechanical function of the li}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 gaments attached to the menisci and hence, the overall function of the meniscus-meniscal ligament construct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 
\par The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the structure and function of t
he menisci and their associated ligaments and to propose future experimental and numerical work to more clearly elucidate this biomechanical function in order to better plan surgical interventions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 and design implantable devices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10226604 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11499250 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226604\charrsid16721483 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11499250\charrsid16721483 
Meniscal histology and structure
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329581 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
The meniscal material is composed of approximately 75% water, 20% Type I collagen fibres and about 5% non-collagenous substances, including proteoglycans, matrix glycoproteins and elastin }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McDevitt</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>169</RecNum><IDText>The ultrastructure and biochemistry of meniscal cartilage</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>169</Ref_ID><Title_Primary
>
The ultrastructure and biochemistry of meniscal cartilage</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDevitt,C.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Webber,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>cartilage</Keyw
o
rds><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>8</Start_Page><End_Page>18</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedi
r
ect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-WX/2/9e99c2527ab41a384d6265db2a642eca</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Tissa
k
ht</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>92</RecNum><IDText>Tensile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>92</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tensile stress-strain characteristics
 
of the human meniscal material</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tissakht,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahmed,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Re
p
rint><Start_Page>411</Start_Page><End_Page>422</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-3YGTT1R-3P/2/9b6fa3608daec625fb051bfd3ecc99e2</Web_URL>
<
ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Wirth</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>175</RecNum><IDText>The meniscus--structure, morphology and function</I
D
Text><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>175</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The meniscus--structure, morphology and function</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wirth,Carl J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatom
y
</Keywords><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>57</Start_Page><End_Page>58</End_Page><Periodical>The Knee</Periodical><Volume>3</Volume><Issue>1-2</Issue><Web_U
RL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TCJ-3W2YCRP-C/2/a8a854be502e208182045feefd89e7d6</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Knee</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [52,76,83]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 . Therefor
e, the meniscal material is inhomogeneous and composite in nature, being composed of a hydrophilic matrix reinforced with collagen fibres.
\par The microstructure of meniscal tissue has been examined by various investigators }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Au
thor>Beaupre</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><IDText>Knee menisci. Correlation between microstructure and biomechanics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>32</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Knee menisci. Correlation betw
e
en microstructure and biomechanics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Beaupre,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Choukroun,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guidouin,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garneau,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gerar
d
in,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cardou,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>biomechanics</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start
_
Page>72</Start_Page><End_Page>75</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>208</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CF0ND-284/2/c5ff5ab08a6aa7e527f913558050321e</Web_URL><ZZ_Journal
S
tdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Bullough</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><IDText>The strength of the menisci of the knee a
s
 it relates to their fine structure</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>30</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The strength of the menisci of the knee as it relates to their fine structure</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bullough,P.G.</
A
uthors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Munuera,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murphy,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Weinstein,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>me
n
isci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>564</Start_Page><End_Page>567</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>52</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL>http:/
/
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C0BGC-33K/2/42b18146cc327c07e60aafb4663888bf</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL><
/
Cite><Cite><Author>Fithian</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><IDText>Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>80</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material p
r
operties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fithian,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords
>
menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page><End_Page>31</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci
e
nce/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-W3/2/d6fa72d419ccfb214a90ad0cd56d01e4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>McDevitt</Author>
<
Year>1990</Year><RecNum>169</RecNum><IDText>The ultrastructure and biochemistry of meniscal cartilage</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>169</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The ultrastructure and biochemistry of meniscal cartilage<
/
Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDevitt,C.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Webber,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywo
r
ds><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>8</Start_Page><End_Page>18</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-WX/2/9e99c2527ab41a3
8
4d6265db2a642eca</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Petersen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><IDText>Col
l
agenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>86</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petersen,W.</Au
t
hors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tillmann,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>317</
S
tart_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodical>Anatomy And Embryology</Periodical><Volume>197</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D7C09-1Y6/2/56f8df7a5498cf78c537e2cc7a3e2f96</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><
f name="System">Anatomy And Embryology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [11,13,24,52,60]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
; all agree that it consists of a fine dense framework of predominantly circumferentially orientated collagen fibres with fewer radially-aligned fibres, which are believed to mainly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10821661 function by \lquote tying
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  the circumferential fibres together. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Bullough}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Bullough</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><IDText>The 
strength of the menisci of the knee as it relates to their fine structure</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>30</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The strength of the menisci of the knee as it relates to their fine structure</Title_Pr
i
mary><Authors_Primary>Bullough,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Munuera,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murphy,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Weinstein,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords
>
<Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>564</Start_Page><End_Page>567</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>52</
V
olume><Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C0BGC-33K/2/42b18146cc327c07e60aafb4663888bf</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><
ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [13]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  found that the radially aligned fibres were predominantly present in the middle zone of the meniscus and on the exposed surfaces. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Beaupre}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Au
thor>Beaupre</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><IDText>Knee menisci. Correlation between microstructure and biomechanics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>32</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Knee menisci. Correlation betw
e
en microstructure and biomechanics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Beaupre,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Choukroun,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guidouin,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garneau,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gerar
d
in,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cardou,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>biomechanics</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start
_
Page>72</Start_Page><End_Page>75</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>208</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CF0ND-284/2/c5ff5ab08a6aa7e527f913558050321e</Web_URL><ZZ_Journal
StdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [11]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
 identified two structurally different regions within the menisci; the central two thirds and the per
ipheral one third. The central part was found to be made up of mainly radially orientated fibres parallel to the articular surface, while the peripheral part was found to be made up of larger, mainly circumferentially orientated fibre bundles.
\par In a later and more comprehensive study on the microstructure of meniscal tissue, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Petersen and Tillman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Petersen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><IDText>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee jo
int menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>86</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petersen,W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tillmann,B.<
/
Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>317</Start_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodi
c
al>Anatomy And Embryology</Periodical><Volume>197</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D7C09-1Y6/2/56f8df7a5498cf78c537e2cc7a3e2f96</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Anatomy And Embryology</f><
/ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [60]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  used scanning electron microscopy and revealed three distinct layers: a superficial fibril network, a lamellar layer and a central main portion; the superficial and lamellar 
layers were present in both tibial and femoral surfaces of the meniscal tissue. In the superficial network, the thin fibrils (diameter ~30\~
nm) showed no preferred orientation. The lamellar layer was identified lying beneath the superficial layer; the fibre
 bundles intersected at random angles apart from the anterior and superior aspects where they were arranged radially. In the main portion the collagen fibres were orientated circumferentially and it was only in the internal circumferential region that a f
ew radial collagen fibres were interwoven with the circumferential bundles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938309\insrsid1205561  (Figure 2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 .
\par The microstructure of the meniscal tissue, as in all materials, principally defines the material properties and thus the mechanical behaviour of the tissue; this relationship will be further discussed later in the text.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329581 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \page Material properties of Meniscal Tissue
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329581 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 Tensile Material Properties
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329581 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
There is no international test-sample geometry standard available for a tensile test or an established tensile testing protocol for sof
t connective tissues of joints. For fibre-reinforced composites, materials that are close in microstructure to menisci and ligaments, the standardised test-sample geometry for tensile testing is of uniform width (rectangular) with tabbed ends }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR
.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Carlsson</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>281</RecNum><IDText>Experimental characterization of advanced composite materials</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>281</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>
E
xperimental characterization of advanced composite materials</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carlsson,L.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pipes,R.B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Lancaster, P
ennsylvania, USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [17]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
. Dumbbell shaped test-samples, although appropriate for tensile testing of non-fibrous materials }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR
.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1" ExcludeYear="1"><Author>Dowling</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>265</RecNum><IDText>Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_T
y
pe>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>265</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dowling,N.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Reprint
>Not in File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>New Jersey, USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>Prentice Hall, Inc.</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [20]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 , are not appropriate for fibre-reinforced composites, because they tend t
o split in the region where the width changes }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Carlsson</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>281</RecNum><IDText>Experimental characterization of advanced composite materials</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type
>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>281</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Experimental characterization of advanced composite materials</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carlsson,L.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pipes,R.B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Pr
imary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA</Pub_Place><Publisher>Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667 [17]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 . In addition, the material volume outside the unifo
rm-width working length of non-uniform width fibrous samples would have non-continuous fibres, which would not contribute to the function of the sample in tension. Hence, in ligament and meniscal testing, use of dumbbell shaped samples has no realistic ra
tionale. 
\par In 1989, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Proctor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1" ExcludeYear="1"><Author>Proctor</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><IDText>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><R
ef_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>87</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Proctor,C.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,M.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whipple,R.R.
<
/Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>771</Start_Page>
<
End_Page>782</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</Periodical><Volume>7</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CKN65-9W/2/a09115b73d3
a78ad9ae46ca17bba6e7a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [61]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  used dumbbe
ll-shaped samples from 14 bovine medial menisci orient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2650517 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
ed circumferentially and radially and looked at the variation of the tensile modulus through the thickness and anteriorly versus posteriorly. They found that in the femoral meniscal surface the tissue
 behaved isotropically, with values of radially and circumferentially oriented samples having similar tensile moduli of 71 and 48\~
MPa, respectively. However, in the middle meniscal portion they found that the circumferentially oriented samples had a two orders of magnitude greater tensile modulus (198}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \'b1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 1\~MPa) compared to radially-orientated samples (2.8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \'b1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 1.2\~
MPa). They also reported that samples located at the posterior part of the tissue had a significantly greater tensile modulus (p < 0.05) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 than those a
t the anterior part; however, this finding was based on only 6 samples.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Fithian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Fithian</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><IDText>Material properties and structure-function relationsh
ips in the menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>80</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fithian,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors
_
Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page><End_Page>31</End_Page><P
e
riodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-W3/2/d6fa72d419ccfb214a90ad0cd56d01e4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedic
s And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [24]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
 used fifty six specimens orientated circumferentially from seven young adult human knees. They found that the tensile modulus was significantly less in the posterior two-thirds of the medial meniscus compared to the anterior third of the medial meniscus 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 or the entire lateral meniscus; this contradicts the findings of Proctor et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Proctor</Auth
or><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><IDText>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>87</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus<
/
Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Proctor,C.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,M.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whipple,R.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primar
y
>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>771</Start_Page><End_Page>782</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research 
S
ociety</Periodical><Volume>7</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CKN65-9W/2/a09115b73d3a78ad9ae46ca17bba6e7a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publica
tion Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [61]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 
. Conversely to the findings in the medial meniscus, in the lateral meniscus samples originating from the posterior and middle portions exhibited greater tensile-modulus values (295}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 \'b190}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 MPa and 230}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 \'b1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 MPa respectively) than samples originating from the anterior portion (160}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 \'b1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12807471\charrsid16721483 MPa)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9467601\charrsid16721483 ; unfortunately, the authors did not analyse these results for significance nor discussed them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6847236  in detail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9467601\charrsid16721483 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Tissakht and Ahmed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Tissakht</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>92</RecNum><IDText>Tensile s
tress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>92</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tensile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>
T
issakht,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahmed,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>411</Start_Page><End_Page>422</End_Page><Perio
d
ical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-3YGTT1R-3P/2/9b6fa3608daec625fb051bfd3ecc99e2</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f
></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [76]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  used human knees to perform uniaxial tests on circumferential and radial samples from different regions and layers of both menisci. Thirty one fresh-frozen menisci were sec
tioned radially into posterior, central and anterior regions and, in turn, transversely into proximal, middle and distal regions, resulting in nine different zones of the meniscus. Radial and circumferential test samples were prepared from these sections 
b
y cutting uniform rectangular pieces. It was found that the tensile modulus of the samples from the middle layer was significantly less than that of samples from the proximal and distal layers. Statistical analysis indicated no significant effect of the r
egion on the tensile modulus and no significant effect from the location of the menisci; however, the average modulus from samples of the lateral meniscus was higher than that from those of the medial.
\par In another bovine study, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Goertzen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.C
ITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Goertzen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>81</RecNum><IDText>Methodology and apparatus to determine material properties of the knee joint meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_I
D
>81</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Methodology and apparatus to determine material properties of the knee joint meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Goertzen,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Budney,D.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cinats,J.G.</Aut
h
ors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>412</Start_Page><End_Page>419</End_Page><Periodical>Medical Engineering &amp; Phys
i
cs</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D6KJ6-3V7/2/e81902d86efe455eee25b9e5b421e2bf</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Medical Engineering &amp; Physics</f></ZZ_JournalSt
dAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [27]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  used the anterior third of five medial menisci to prepare circumferential, radial and axial samples for uniaxial tensile testing. The tensile modulus in the circumferential direction was,
 in accord with other studies, significantly greater than the radial and axial tensile moduli; these were 316}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \'b1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 146, 25.2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \'b1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 17.7 and 20.6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \'b1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 7.5\~MPa, respectively.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Muratsu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Muratsu</Author><Year>
2000</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><IDText>The mechanical mapping of the meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Conference Proceeding"><Ref_Type>Conference Proceeding</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>34</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The mechanical mapping of the meniscus</Title_Primary><A
u
thors_Primary>Muratsu,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ishimoto,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kurosaka,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yoshima,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mizuno,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/5</Date_Prima
r
y><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>171</Start_Page><End_Page>171</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society</Periodical><Misc_2>Orlando, Fl
orida</Misc_2><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>12</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [55]}
}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  used six fresh frozen porcine stifle joints and compared t
he material properties of the menisci at different anatomical locations. Sections of 1\~
mm thickness from the middle region of the meniscus were cut horizontally into rectangular samples with the long axis aligned to the circumferential direction; this prod
uced 501 test samples. Every meniscus was divided into ten regions, whose differences in modulus were analy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
ed for lateral and medial meniscus. Regional variation in modulus was found in the lateral meniscus. The areas with the lower modulus were observed 
at the middle portions of the centre and the edge and the tibial portion of the middle zone, whereas the greater modulus value was found in the peripheral zone of the femoral surface. Moreover, it was found that the medial meniscus had, in general, higher
 modulus values than the lateral meniscus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9467601\charrsid16721483 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9467601\charrsid16721483 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 contradicts the findings of Fithian et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Fithian</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><IDText>Material properties and structure-function relatio
nships in the menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>80</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fithian,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Auth
o
rs_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page><End_Page>31</End_Page
>
<Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-W3/2/d6fa72d419ccfb214a90ad0cd56d01e4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopae
dics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [24]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9467601\charrsid16721483  and Tissakht and Ahmed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Tissakht</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>92</RecNum><IDText>Ten
sile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>92</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tensile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</Title_Primary><Authors_Pr
i
mary>Tissakht,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahmed,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>411</Start_Page><End_Page>422</End_Page>
<
Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-3YGTT1R-3P/2/9b6fa3608daec625fb051bfd3ecc99e2</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechan
ics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [76]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 .
\par In a more recent study, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Lechner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Lechner</Author><Year>200
0</Year><RecNum>314</RecNum><IDText>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location and Cross-Sectional Area?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>314</Ref_ID><Title
_
Primary>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location and Cross-Sectional Area?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lechner,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hull,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_P
r
imary>Howell,S.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>945</Start_Page><End_Page>951</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><
I
ssue>6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?eissn=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20;sid=swets%3Adbid;part=;date=2000;aulast=Lechner;volume=18;genre=article;atitle=Is%20the%20Circumferential%20Tensile%20Modul
u
s%20within%20a%20Human%20Medial%20Meniscus%20Affected%20by%20the%20Test%20Sample%20Location%20and%20Cross-Sectional%20Area%3F%20;spage=945;title=Journal%20of%20Orthopaedic%20Research;issue=6;issn=0736-0266;aufirst=Kate</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f nam
e="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [42]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
 found that the posterior and middle regions of human medial menisci had a lower tensile modulus than the anterior region}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764455\charrsid16721483 , although the difference was not statistically significant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15089218\charrsid16721483 ; t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764455\charrsid16721483 his result is in line with the findings of Fithian et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Fithian</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><IDText>Material properties and str
ucture-function relationships in the menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>80</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fithian,D.C.
<
/Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page
>
<End_Page>31</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-W3/2/d6fa72d419ccfb214a90ad0cd56d01e4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="Sy
stem">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [24]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764455\charrsid16721483 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
They explained this result based on the tissue\rquote s histology. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 It is believed that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
he circumferential collagen fibres run continuously through the meniscus from the anterior to the posterior tibial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 attachments; as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  the anterior horn of the medial meniscus is not as wide -in the radial direction- as th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 e central or posterior regions,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  the same number of collagen fibres must be pa
cked into a smaller cross-sectional area of the tissue anteriorly. This would increase the ratio of collagen fibres to matrix tissue anteriorly, hence explain the increased tensile modulus of the tissue anteriorly.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid14450556 Lechner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman>
<Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Lechner</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>314</RecNum><IDText>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location and Cross-Sectional Area?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"
>
<Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>314</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location and Cross-Sectional Area?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lechner,K.</Authors_Primary
>
<Authors_Primary>Hull,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,S.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>945</Start_Page><End_Page>951</End_Page><Periodical>Journal o
f
 Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?eissn=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20;sid=swets%3Adbid;part=;date=2000;aulast=Lechner;volume=18;genre=arti
c
le;atitle=Is%20the%20Circumferential%20Tensile%20Modulus%20within%20a%20Human%20Medial%20Meniscus%20Affected%20by%20the%20Test%20Sample%20Location%20and%20Cross-Sectional%20Area%3F%20;spage=945;title=Journal%20of%20Orthopaedic%20Research;issue=6;issn=0736
-0266;aufirst=Kate</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [42]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  also found that the apparent tensile modulus of meniscal tissue varied i
nversely with test specimen thickness. Standard materials testing assumes that the tissue being tested is homogeneous. Meniscal tissue, however, is composed of collagen fibre bundles, ranging from 50 to 400\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af244 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f244\lang1032\langfe1033\langnp1032\insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \'ec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 m }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 in diamete
r, embedded within weak matrix tissue }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petersen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><IDText>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Ty
pe><Ref_ID>86</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petersen,W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tillmann,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>histolo
g
y</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>317</Start_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodical>Anatomy And Embryology</Periodical><Volume>197</Volume><Issue>4</
I
ssue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D7C09-1Y6/2/56f8df7a5498cf78c537e2cc7a3e2f96</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Anatomy And Embryology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></R
efman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [60]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2650517 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  Thus, thinner samples may consist predominantly of matrix tissue. Lechner et al found that 28% of 0.5\~
mm thickness samples either failed prematurely or could not even be tested. In contrast, only 17% of thicker, 3\~mm samples were un-testable.
 Thus, the thinner samples that could actually be tested were likely to be those that contained a significant amount of collagen fibre tissue and not those consisting mainly of weak matrix. Hence, the thinner samples had an apparent higher mean tensile mo
dulus than the thicker samples. In addition, the chances of collagen fibres being continuous from end to end of the sample are higher if the sample is thicker.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 Bearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  in mind the differing sample geometries and testing conditions and the uncertainties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 associated with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
 biological tissue testing, the conclusion that can be drawn from all meniscal-tissue tensile studies is the two orders of magnitude weaker response of the tissue in the radial sense as compared to the circumferential. This difference in strengt
h may explain the frequency of circumferential splitting of meniscal tissue, rather than radial tears. This difference is in line with the histology observations, whereby the predominant orientation of the fibres in the bulk of the tissue is circumferenti
al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108093\charrsid16721483  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bullough</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><IDText>The strength of the menisci of the knee as it relates to their fine structure</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>30</Re
f_ID><Title_Primary>The strength of the menisci of the knee as it relates to their fine structure</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bullough,P.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Munuera,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murphy,J.</Authors_Primary><Auth
o
rs_Primary>Weinstein,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>564</Start_Page><End_
P
age>567</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>52</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C0BGC-33K/2/42b18146cc327c07e60aafb4663888bf</Web_URL><ZZ_Journ
a
lStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Beaupre</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><IDText>Knee menisci. Correlation betw
e
en microstructure and biomechanics</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>32</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Knee menisci. Correlation between microstructure and biomechanics</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Beaupre,A.</Authors_Primary>
<
Authors_Primary>Choukroun,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guidouin,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garneau,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gerardin,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cardou,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986/7</Date_P
r
imary><Keywords>biomechanics</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>72</Start_Page><End_Page>75</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Resear
c
h</Periodical><Issue>208</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CF0ND-284/2/c5ff5ab08a6aa7e527f913558050321e</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><
Z
Z_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Petersen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><IDText>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>86</Ref_ID
>
<Title_Primary>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petersen,W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tillmann,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords
>
knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>317</Start_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodical>Anatomy And Embryology</Periodical><Volume>197</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D7C09-1Y6/2/56f8df7a5498cf78c537e2cc7a3e2f96</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Anatomy And Embryology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [11,13,60]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15498853\charrsid16721483 Nevertheless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279206\charrsid16721483 , there is discrepancy between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108093\charrsid16721483 experimental }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279206\charrsid16721483 studies on the variation of the tensile modulus along the circumference of the tissue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108093\charrsid16721483 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166 Additionally}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108093\charrsid16721483 , there is no histological data or any clinically relevant observation that could explain possible differences between anterior, middle or posterior parts of the meniscal tissue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
\par Table 1 summarises the results of the various }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108093\charrsid16721483 experimental }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
studies that looked into the tensile material properties of meniscal tissue. Although the experimental protocols used vary among the studies, a rough, literature-based average value of the tissue\rquote s modulus could be recommended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938312\insrsid1205561  (Figure 3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 ; the average circumferential modulus of the hu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2511201\charrsid16721483 
man meniscus is approximately 110}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \~MPa, whereas }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid602728 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483  of the bov}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2511201\charrsid16721483 ine meniscus is approximately 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 0\~MPa.
\par Table 2 shows an average tensile response of soft connective tissues of joints for comparison. It can be observed that the circumferential meniscal tensile response is closer to ligaments than to glenoid and acetabular lab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483 rae or articular cartilage. It sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 ould also be noted that the bovine tissue is stiffer than the human}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166  tissue}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 .
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12021649 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 Compressive Material Properties
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12021649 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 
The compressive properties of meniscal tissue that have been investigated in the literature are mainly the aggregate modulus and the permeabi
lity. The former is a measure of the stiffness of the tissue under compression and the latter is a measure of the ease with which fluid flows through the tissue. The mean values of these properties reported in the literature are presented in Table 3.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507458\charrsid14450556 Proctor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507458\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Proctor</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><IDText>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>87</R
ef_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Proctor,C.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,M.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whipple,R.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kell
y
,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>771</Start_Page><End_Page>782</End_Page><Periodical>Jou
r
nal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</Periodical><Volume>7</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CKN65-9W/2/a09115b73d3a78ad9ae46ca17bba6e7a</Web_URL><ZZ_Jour
nalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667 [61]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  examined the compressive material properties of bo
vine menisci using confined compression creep testing and direct permeability measurements. They found that the water content of the menisci was 73.9%. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 
The mean aggregate modulus of the tissue was 0.41\~MPa, as calculated by fitting the linear biphasic theory }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mow</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>153</RecNum><IDText>Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression? Theory and experiments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_T
ype><Ref_ID>153</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression? Theory and experiments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kuei,S.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primar
y
>Lai,W.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Armstrong,C.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>compression</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>73</Start
_
Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Biomechanical Engineering</Periodical><Volume>102</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C7152-32Y/2/987cbaae8132f6258b65f1256213f7fa</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStd
Abbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Biomechanical Engineering</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [54]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483  to the experimental data. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483  mean hydraulic permeability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 was 6.4\~\'d7\~10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 -16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 \~N}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 -1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 \~s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 -1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483  when measured directly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 and 8.1\~\'d7\~10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 -16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483  m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 \~N}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 -1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 \~s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483 -1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11224083\charrsid16721483  when the biphasic model was fitted to the experimental data. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 
They also found that values were uniform within the surface layer and did not differ according to location. However, for the deeper tissue they observed that the compre
ssive modulus differed significantly according to sample location, with the posterior deep samples being significantly stiffer. No significant regional variations were observed in the permeability of the tissue. Finally, the posterior samples were found t
o have a significantly higher water content than the anterior samples.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid14450556 Joshi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Joshi</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>83</RecNum><IDText>Interspecies variation of compressive biomechanical propert
ies of the meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>83</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Interspecies variation of compressive biomechanical properties of the meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Joshi,M.D.</Authors_Primary><A
u
thors_Primary>Suh,J.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Marui,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Woo,S.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Star
t
_Page>823</Start_Page><End_Page>828</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research</Periodical><Volume>29</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D12CT-53F/2/6efa40eac398528e596cd0130690e2f3</W
eb_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [37]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  looked at the compressive properties of the meniscal tissue of various animals. They
 obtained permeability and aggregate modulus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166 values }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 
using the linear biphasic theory in confined compression tests. Their reported values for aggregate modulus are approximately one third of those reported in the previous studies for bovine menisci, wherea
s the values for hydraulic permeability are approximately 3 times greater}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 
\par In general, similar trends to the study of Joshi et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Joshi</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>83</RecNum><IDText>Interspecie
s variation of compressive biomechanical properties of the meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>83</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Interspecies variation of compressive biomechanical properties of the meniscus</Title_Primary
>
<Authors_Primary>Joshi,M.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Suh,J.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Marui,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Woo,S.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properti
e
s</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>823</Start_Page><End_Page>828</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research</Periodical><Volume>29</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-4
5D12CT-53F/2/6efa40eac398528e596cd0130690e2f3</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667 [37]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  can be observed in the study of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid7435166 Sweigart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Sweigart</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>89</RecNum><IDText>Intraspecies and Interspecies Comparison of the Compressive Properties of the Medial Meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><
Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>89</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Intraspecies and Interspecies Comparison of the Compressive Properties of the Medial Meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sweigart,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zhu,C.F.</Authors_Pr
i
mary><Authors_Primary>Burt,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>deHoll,P.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Agrawal,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Clanton,T.O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Athanasiou,K.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>20
0
4/11</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1569</Start_Page><End_Page>1579</End_Page><Periodical>Annals Of Biomedical Engineering</Periodical><Volume>32</Volume><Issue>11</Issue>
<
Web_URL>http://springerlink.metapress.com/index/10.1114/B:ABME.0000049040.70767.5c</Web_URL><Web_URL_Link1><u>http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/cw/pep/09544119/v219n1/s6/p53.pdf?fmt=dirpdf&amp;tt=1416&amp;cl=19&amp;ini=connect&amp;bini=&amp;wis=
c
onnect&amp;ac=0&amp;acs=10000120</u>,40000023,70030168,292606&amp;kn=1&amp;expires=1119880760&amp;checksum=95949AA738D6A79F0C3937B47924C652&amp;cookie=996880128</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Annals Of Biomedical Engineering</f></ZZ_
JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [75]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 . In the latter study, the investigators used a finite element model of the creep-and-recovery indentation test they conducted; by using optimisation algorithms, they fitted the b
iphasic theory model to the experimental data and thus calculated the material parameters.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329581 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 
In summary, the hydraulic permeability of meniscal tissue appears to be an order of magnitude lower than that of articular cartilage. Also, the menisci appear to be 
1000 times stiffer in tension than in compression. These characteristics render the tissue very deformable, which means that it can conform to the variable geometry of the femoral condyles during flexion. Also, the lower compressive stiffness }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166 when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483  compared to tensile stiffness is an indicator that the tissue\rquote s function is mainly to withstand tension rather than compression}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13136988  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13136988\charrsid13136988 Figure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13136988  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\deleted\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938309\insrsid13136988\delrsid1205561 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938309\insrsid1205561 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13136988 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 . This might explain to a degree the loss of functionality, especially of the medial meniscus, in deep flexion where the meniscus is squeezed against the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82418\charrsid16721483 
tibial plateau\rquote s posterior rim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8062004  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Seedhom</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>277</RecNum><IDText>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci P
art II: experimental results, discussion and conclusions</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>277</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: e
x
perimental results, discussion and conclusions</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Seedhom,B.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hargreaves,DJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>experimental</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywor
d
s>load</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>220</Start_Page><End_Page>228</End_Page><Periodical>Engineering In Medicine</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0046-2039</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http:
/
/metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article;atitle=Transmission%20of%20the%20load%20in%20the%20knee%20joint%20with%20special%20reference%20to%20the%20role%20of%20the%20menisci%20Part%20II%3A%20experimental%20results%2C%20discussion%20and%20conclusi
o
ns;title=ARCHIVE%3A%20Engineering%20in%20Medicine%201971-1988%20%28vols%201-17%29;issn=00462039;date=01%2F10%2F1979;volume=8;issue=4;spage=220;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;epag
e
=228;author=%20B%20B%20Seedhom;aulast=Seedhom;aufirst=B%20B</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Yao</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>362
<
/RecNum><IDText>Magnetic resonance image analysis of meniscal translation and tibio-menisco-femoral contact in deep knee flexion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>362</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Magnetic resonance image analys
i
s of meniscal translation and tibio-menisco-femoral contact in deep knee flexion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yao,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lancianese,SL</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hovinga,KR</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lee,J</A
u
thors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lerner,AL.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>contact</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>673</Start_Page><End_Page>684</End_Page
>
<Periodical>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/117882462/</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journa
l
 of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Amiri</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>365</RecNum><IDText>Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: interaction between the ligaments and the 
a
rticular surfaces in guiding the joint motion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>365</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: interaction between the ligaments and the articular surfaces in guidi
n
g the joint motion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amiri,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kim,IY</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wyss,U</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywo
r
ds><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>821</Start_Page><End_Page>832</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers.Part H, Journal Of Engineering In Medicine</
P
eriodical><Volume>221</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0954-4119</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article&amp;atitle=Mechanics%20of%20the%20passive%20knee%20joint.%20Part%202%3A%20interaction%20between%20the%20ligamen
t
s%20and%20the%20articular%20surfaces%20in%20guiding%20the%20joint%20motion&amp;title=Proceedings%20of%20the%20Institution%20of%20Mechanical%20Engineers%2C%20Part%20H%3A%20Journal%20of%20Engineering%20in%20Medicine&amp;issn=09544119&amp;date=01%2F01%2F2007
&
amp;volume=221&amp;issue=8&amp;spage=821&amp;authors=S%20Amiri%2C%20D%20Cooke%2C%20I%20Y%20Kim%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;authors=S%20Amiri%2C%20D%20Cooke%2C%20I%20Y%20Kim%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;epage=832&amp;author=S%20Amiri&amp;aulas
t=Amiri&amp;aufirst=S</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers.Part H, Journal Of Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [4,70,84]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82418\charrsid16721483 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021649\charrsid16721483 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr4\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474891 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 
Functional Biomechanics of the Menisci
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474891 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 It has been well established that the main role of the menisci within the knee joint is load bearing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483  shape, structure and attachments of the menisci contribute to this essential function for the well-being of the knee joint.
\par When bearing load the knee joint is subjected to compression. The compressive force through the joint is distributed over an articulating contact area resulting in contact stress
es (contact pressure). These stresses are proportional to the load and inversely proportional to the contact area; this means that the larger the contact area over which the load is distributed the less the contact stresses on the contact area. The geomet
ry of the knee joint does not allow full conformity between the surfaces in contact, so the contact area is not utilised to result in minimum contact pressure. The medial compartment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4414452\charrsid16721483 
is more congruent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483  than the lateral compartment; the medial femoral condyle
 articulates over a concave medial tibial plateau, whereas the lateral femoral condyle articulates over a flat, slightly convex lateral tibial plateau.
\par Using casting techniques }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Walker</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNu
m>196</RecNum><IDText>The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>196</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee</Title_Primary
>
<Authors_Primary>Walker,P.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Erkman,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1975</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>184</Start_Page><End_Page>192</End_
P
age><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>109</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45C2F4V-20/2/4ca602ff06afd4e81396a5b701f7ec9c</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orth
opaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [81]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 
 it has been shown that, under no load, contact across the knee occurs primarily on the menisci. With loads of 1470\~N the menisci cover betwe
en 59 to 71% of the joint contact surface area. Other investigators have also shown that in the absence of the menisci the load is carried by a much smaller area of cartilage, and so the joint contact pressure is significantly increased (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435166 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 up to 235%) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  AD
DIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Baratz</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>199</RecNum><IDText>Meniscal tears: the effect of meniscectomy and of repair on intraarticular contact areas and stress in the human knee. A preliminary report</IDText><MDL Ref_
T
ype="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>199</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Meniscal tears: the effect of meniscectomy and of repair on intraarticular contact areas and stress in the human knee. A preliminary report</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Baratz
,
M.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fu,F.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mengato,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><St
a
rt_Page>270</Start_Page><End_Page>275</End_Page><Periodical>The American Journal Of Sports Medicine</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CF285-3H6/2/32c83454d3fcab877f683544d961842f</
W
eb_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The American Journal Of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Seedhom</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>277</RecNum><IDText>Transmission of the load 
i
n the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, discussion and conclusions</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>277</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Transmission of the load in the kne
e
 joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, discussion and conclusions</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Seedhom,B.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hargreaves,DJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Prima
r
y><Keywords>experimental</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>load</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>220</Start_Page><End_Page>228</End_Page><Periodical>Engineering In Medicine</Periodical><Volume>8</V
o
lume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0046-2039</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article;atitle=Transmission%20of%20the%20load%20in%20the%20knee%20joint%20with%20special%20reference%20to%20the%20role%20of%20the%20menisci%20Pa
r
t%20II%3A%20experimental%20results%2C%20discussion%20and%20conclusions;title=ARCHIVE%3A%20Engineering%20in%20Medicine%201971-1988%20%28vols%201-17%29;issn=00462039;date=01%2F10%2F1979;volume=8;issue=4;spage=220;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20H
a
rgreaves;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;epage=228;author=%20B%20B%20Seedhom;aulast=Seedhom;aufirst=B%20B</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID
></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [10,70]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 . This may partly explain the prevalence of osteoarthrosis following meniscectomy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15675954\charrsid16721483 
 and the acceleration of degeneration of the meniscectomised, osteoarthritic joint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 .
\par The menisci optimise the way that load is transferred acros
s the knee joint by increasing the congruency of the articulation; the areas of contact increase and, as a result, the contact pressure on the articulating surfaces decreases. As the femoral condyles bear down onto the menisci, the meniscal wedged cross-s
ection causes the menisci to extrude radially out of the joint; this causes their circumference to increase. Each meniscus attaches mainly to the tibia by anterior and posterior insertional ligaments. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid602728 Thus, t}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 he bulk tissue resists radial displacement by developing circumferential tension (hoop stresses)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1205561  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938304\insrsid1205561 (Figure 4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 ; this is due to the stiffness of the meniscal tissue, with the predominantly circumferential ori}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid602728 entation of the collagen fibres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \deleted\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938301\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561 (Figure 2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14552839 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 
\par This mechanism of load-bearing occurs throughout the whole range of knee-joint flexion (up to 160\'b0
), precisely because the menisci are mainly attached to the tibia by insertional ligaments at their horns, which are mobile, allowing displacement in all directions. At full extension, the femur\rquote s distal aspect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid602728 has a large radius of curvature, and it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483  hence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4414452\charrsid16721483 contact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid602728 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4414452\charrsid16721483  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 
 the entire area of the menisci, from their anterior to their posterior aspect. As the knee flexes, the lesser radii of curvature of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid602728 posterior aspect of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 femoral condyles result in a decreased contact area that moves posteriorly towards and onto the posterior meniscal horns }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Iwaki</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>337</RecNum><IDText>Tibiofemoral movement 1: the shapes and relative movements of the femur and ti
bia in the unloaded cadaver knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>337</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tibiofemoral movement 1: the shapes and relative movements of the femur and tibia in the unloaded cadaver knee</Title_Primary><
A
uthors_Primary>Iwaki,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pinskerova,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Freeman,M.A.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/11/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>MRI</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint>
<
Start_Page>1189</Start_Page><End_Page>1195</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, British Version</Periodical><Volume>82-B</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/content/abstract/82-B/8/1189</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull>
<
f name="System">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, British Version</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nuno</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>336</RecNum><IDText>Three-dimensional morphometry of the femoral condyl
e
s</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>336</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Three-dimensional morphometry of the femoral condyles</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nuno,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahmed,A.M.</Authors_Primary><D
a
te_Primary>2003/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>3-D geometry</Keywords><Keywords>Distal femur</Keywords><Keywords>Femoral condyles</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>924</Start_Page><End_Page>932</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Biomechanics</Pe
r
iodical><Volume>18</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T59-498TWVM-5/2/ee86e69754d044722f39215db9740356</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Workform
I
D>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Seedhom</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>277</RecNum><IDText>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, discussion and conclusio
n
s</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>277</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, discussion and conclusions</Title_
P
rimary><Authors_Primary>Seedhom,B.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hargreaves,DJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>experimental</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>load</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>
N
ot in File</Reprint><Start_Page>220</Start_Page><End_Page>228</End_Page><Periodical>Engineering In Medicine</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0046-2039</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article;ati
t
le=Transmission%20of%20the%20load%20in%20the%20knee%20joint%20with%20special%20reference%20to%20the%20role%20of%20the%20menisci%20Part%20II%3A%20experimental%20results%2C%20discussion%20and%20conclusions;title=ARCHIVE%3A%20Engineering%20in%20Medicine%2019
7
1-1988%20%28vols%201-17%29;issn=00462039;date=01%2F10%2F1979;volume=8;issue=4;spage=220;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;epage=228;author=%20B%20B%20Seedhom;aulast=Seedhom;aufirst=
B
%20B</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Yao</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>362</RecNum><IDText>Magnetic resonance image analysis of m
e
niscal translation and tibio-menisco-femoral contact in deep knee flexion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>362</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Magnetic resonance image analysis of meniscal translation and tibio-menisco-femoral co
n
tact in deep knee flexion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yao,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lancianese,SL</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hovinga,KR</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lee,J</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lerner,AL.</Authors_Pri
m
ary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>contact</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>673</Start_Page><End_Page>684</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodica
l
><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/117882462/</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_
W
orkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Amiri</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>365</RecNum><IDText>Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: interaction between the ligaments and the articular surfaces in guiding the joint motion</IDText>
<
MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>365</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: interaction between the ligaments and the articular surfaces in guiding the joint motion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ami
r
i,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kim,IY</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wyss,U</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</K
e
ywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>821</Start_Page><End_Page>832</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers.Part H, Journal Of Engineering In Medicine</Periodical><Volume>221</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><ISSN_IS
B
N>0954-4119</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article&amp;atitle=Mechanics%20of%20the%20passive%20knee%20joint.%20Part%202%3A%20interaction%20between%20the%20ligaments%20and%20the%20articular%20surfaces%20in%20guiding%20
t
he%20joint%20motion&amp;title=Proceedings%20of%20the%20Institution%20of%20Mechanical%20Engineers%2C%20Part%20H%3A%20Journal%20of%20Engineering%20in%20Medicine&amp;issn=09544119&amp;date=01%2F01%2F2007&amp;volume=221&amp;issue=8&amp;spage=821&amp;authors=S
%
20Amiri%2C%20D%20Cooke%2C%20I%20Y%20Kim%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;authors=S%20Amiri%2C%20D%20Cooke%2C%20I%20Y%20Kim%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;epage=832&amp;author=S%20Amiri&amp;aulast=Amiri&amp;aufirst=S</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f 
name="System">Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers.Part H, Journal Of Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
[4,36,57,70,84]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 . This displaces the menisci outwards and more p
osteriorly, resulting in significant posterior displacements of the anterior horns, up to 10\~mm on the lateral side }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Vedi</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>93</RecNum><IDText>Meniscal movement. An in-vivo study using 
dynamic MRI</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>93</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Meniscal movement. An in-vivo study using dynamic MRI</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vedi,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Williams,A.</Authors_
P
rimary><Authors_Primary>Tennant,S.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Spouse,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hunt,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gedroyc,W.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Ke
y
words>MRI</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>37</Start_Page><End_Page>41</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>81</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>htt
p
://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D8N2K-1HH/2/548bd4b549dce315b8f7e44b779aa9c6</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MD
L></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [77]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938303\insrsid1205561  (Figure 5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 .
\par The lateral meniscus is more mobile than the medial meniscus; this is because the lateral meniscus is not as tightly attached to the capsule as is the medial meniscus. What is more, the concave medial tibial plateau doe
s not allow the posterior aspect of the medial meniscus to displace off the joint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8141640\charrsid16721483 posteriorly in deep flexion (>}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8141640\charrsid16721483 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 0\'b0), whereas the convex posterior aspect of the lateral tibial plateau allows the lateral meniscus to displace posteriorly (go \lquote 
downhill\rquote ) in deep flexion. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8141640\charrsid16721483 Cadaveric data have shown that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9402669\charrsid16721483 in the medial side }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8141640\charrsid16721483 in deep flexion contact is exhibited solely between the femoral condyle and the meniscus, suggesting that the whole load of the medial compartment is borne by the meniscus alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9402669\charrsid16721483  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.
CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Seedhom</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>277</RecNum><IDText>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, discussion and conclusions</IDText><MDL Ref
_
Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>277</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, discussion and conclusions</Title_Primary><Authors_Pr
i
mary>Seedhom,B.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hargreaves,DJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>experimental</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>load</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprin
t
><Start_Page>220</Start_Page><End_Page>228</End_Page><Periodical>Engineering In Medicine</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0046-2039</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article;atitle=Transmission%20
o
f%20the%20load%20in%20the%20knee%20joint%20with%20special%20reference%20to%20the%20role%20of%20the%20menisci%20Part%20II%3A%20experimental%20results%2C%20discussion%20and%20conclusions;title=ARCHIVE%3A%20Engineering%20in%20Medicine%201971-1988%20%28vols%2
0
1-17%29;issn=00462039;date=01%2F10%2F1979;volume=8;issue=4;spage=220;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;epage=228;author=%20B%20B%20Seedhom;aulast=Seedhom;aufirst=B%20B</Web_URL><ZZ_
JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [70]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8141640\charrsid16721483 . Hence, it may be speculated that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2650517 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 medial meniscal posterior horn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8141640\charrsid16721483 is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 being subjected to increased compression in deep flexion without being able to increase its circumference and develop hoop stresses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938303\insrsid1205561  (Figure 6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 .
\par These anatomical considerations may explain the increased frequency of medial meniscal tears compared to lateral meniscal tears, at a ratio of 2:1 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDI
N REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Campbell</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>338</RecNum><IDText>MR Imaging of Meniscal Cysts: Incidence, Location, and Clinical Significance</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>338</Ref_ID>
<
Title_Primary>MR Imaging of Meniscal Cysts: Incidence, Location, and Clinical Significance</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Campbell,Scot E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sanders,Timothy G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morrison,William B.</Authors
_
Primary><Date_Primary>2001/8/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>Arthroscopy</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>409</Start_Page><End_Page>413</End_Page><Periodical>Am.J.Roentgenol.</Periodical><
V
olume>177</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/abstract/177/2/409</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Roentgenology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am.J.Roentgenol.</f></
ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [16]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 . Furthermore, they may explain the observations of medial meniscal tears being located more frequently at the posterior aspect of the meniscus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4013109\charrsid16721483  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Drosos</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>357</RecNum><IDText>The causes and mechanisms of meniscal injuries in the sporting and non-sporting environment in an unselected population</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><R
e
f_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>357</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The causes and mechanisms of meniscal injuries in the sporting and non-sporting environment in an unselected population</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Drosos,G.I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Prima
r
y>Pozo,J.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>Age</Keywords><Keywords>Arthroscopy</Keywords><Keywords>Injury</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Knee injury</Keywords><Keywords>medial</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keyw
o
rds><Keywords>Meniscal tears</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>MRI</Keywords><Keywords>Tear</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>143</Start_Page><End_Page>149</End_Page><Periodical>The Knee</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><Iss
ue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TCJ-4C3K5V6-2/2/40ef42fd0d7b758b55d7a0bd0f2542d1</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Knee</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [21]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 .
\par The resistance of the menisci to compressive loads by increasing their circumference and developing hoop stresses explains the variable effect and frequency of the various types of meniscal tear. Longitudinal tears do not have such an effec
t on meniscal function as do radial tears. A longitudinal tear does not disrupt the continuity of the circumferentially orientated fibres that bear load, and is due to fracture of the weak radial tie fibres. In contrast, a radial tear disrupts the continu
ity of the circumferential fibres, resulting in loss in number of fibres bearing load and increase of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid602728 articular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 
cartilage-to-cartilage contact forces.
\par The shock absorbing capacity of the menisci has been demonstrated by studies measuring the vibrations in the proximal tibia resulting from gait. From this it has been shown that shock absorption is approximately 20% less in knees without menisci }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Voloshin</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>200</RecNum><IDText>Shock absorpt
ion of meniscectomized and painful knees: a comparative in vivo study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>200</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Shock absorption of meniscectomized and painful knees: a comparative in vivo study</Title_
P
rimary><Authors_Primary>Voloshin,A.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wosk,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1983/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1
5
7</Start_Page><End_Page>161</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Biomedical Engineering</Periodical><Volume>5</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CC1SD-29T/2/abd92fc4c75cc2300d1067c2b5b89ed5</Web_URL><ZZ_Journ
alStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Biomedical Engineering</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [80]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 
. This function of the menisci is associated with its viscoelastic properties, the main component of which i
s the water content of the tissue; the shock is mainly resisted by high frictional drag forces that are developed as the fluid tries to escape the tissue.
\par Regarding the role of the menisci as secondary stabilisers within the knee, it is well known that the
 clinical results of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are markedly impaired by the presence of concurrent meniscal injury. Anterior drawer is not significantly increased after medial meniscectomy when the ACL is intact; however, in the ACL-
deficient knee medial meniscectomy causes an increase in anterior tibial translation of up to 5.8\~mm }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Allen</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>353</RecNum><IDText>Importance of the Medial Meniscus in the Anterior Crucia
te Ligament-deficient Knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>353</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Importance of the Medial Meniscus in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-deficient Knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Allen,C.R.</Author
s
_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wong,E.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Livesay,G.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Masataka,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fu,F.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Woo,S.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date
_
Primary><Keywords>anterior</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>medial</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>109</Start_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><Iss
u
e>1</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?eissn=1554-527X;sid=swets%3Adbid;part=;date=2000;aulast=Allen;volume=18;genre=article;atitle=Importance%20of%20the%20Medial%20Meniscus%20in%20the%20Anterior%20C
r
uciate%20Ligament-deficient%20Knee%20;spage=109;title=Journal%20of%20Orthopaedic%20Research;issue=1;issn=0736-0266;aufirst=Christina%20R</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID
>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [2]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 , thus highlightin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4414452\charrsid16721483 g the importance of the meniscus-meniscal ligament construct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid16721483 
 as a secondary joint stabiliser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4414452\charrsid7691142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15474891\charrsid7691142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329581 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4329581\charrsid16721483 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc5\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr5\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 Biomechanics of the Meniscal Ligaments
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The biomechanics of the menisci are greatly dependent up
on their material microstructure, but are also related to their attachments to the surrounding structures; the menisci and the meniscal ligaments form a functional unit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4414452\charrsid16721483 \endash 
 the meniscus-meniscal ligament construct \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 that explains their mechanical response under load.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 Insertional L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 igaments
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
The circumferential collagen fibres of the meniscal body are known to continue into the anterior and posterior insertional ligaments, which finally attach to subchondral bone via uncalcified and calcified fibrocartilage laye
rs. These layers may make the dramatic changes in stiffness between ligament and bone tissue at the enthesis less sudden and therefore reduce the stress concentration in this area and prevent failure.
\par Kohn and Moreno }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite Exclud
eAuth="1"><Author>Kohn</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>191</RecNum><IDText>Meniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: A morphological cadaveric study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>191</Ref_ID><Ti
t
le_Primary>Meniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: A morphological cadaveric study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kohn,Dieter</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moreno,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/2</Date_Primary><Keyword
s
>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>insertional ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>96</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</Periodica
l
><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WB8-4CG1TPY-1P/2/17ce6533634e647f5bd88dacbdd52f21</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</f>
</ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [38]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  studied the meniscal insertional anatomy in 46 cadaver knees. They found that the areas of insertion were 139\~\'b1\~43\~mm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 2
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  for the medial-anterior (MA) attachment, 80\~\'b1\~10\~mm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
 for the medial-posterior (MP) attachment, 93\~\'b1\~25\~mm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  for the lateral-anterior (LA) attachment and 115\'b1\~51\~mm}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  for the lateral-posterior (LP) attachment.
\par The tensile behaviour of the meniscal insertional ligaments may be indicative of the physiological load
s to which they are subjected. Their properties in the human have not yet been characterised. Their tensile strength in the rabbit has been shown to be in the range of three to four times body weight }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Haut</Author><Y
ear>2000</Year><RecNum>114</RecNum><IDText>Use of roentgenography and magnetic resonance imaging to predict meniscal geometry determined with a three-dimensional coordinate digitizing system</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref
_
ID>114</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Use of roentgenography and magnetic resonance imaging to predict meniscal geometry determined with a three-dimensional coordinate digitizing system</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Haut,T.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>H
u
ll,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,S.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>dimensioning</Keywords><Keywords>MRI</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>228</Start_Page><End_Page>237</End_Page><Periodica
l
>Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45DDKY4-4SV/2/6dc0d448848d254ea72473fcc63e47ce</Web_URL><
ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667 [33]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . In bovine knees, Villegas et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REF
MGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Villegas</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>335</RecNum><IDText>Failure properties and strain distribution analysis of meniscal attachments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>33
5
</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Failure properties and strain distribution analysis of meniscal attachments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Villegas,Diego F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Maes,Jason A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magee,Sarah D.</Authors
_
Primary><Authors_Primary>Haut Donahue,Tammy L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Material properties</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscal replacement</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keyw
o
rds><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Keywords>Strain</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2655</Start_Page><End_Page>2662</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>40</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.scien
cedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-4N7YH1Y-2/2/7d441ca085e2d7a3c4e511db491ec435</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [79]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  found that the MA a
ttachment was significantly less stiff than the MP and LA attachments. The tensile moduli reported in the latter study were 154\~\'b1\~134, 248\~\'b1\~179 and 281\~\'b1\~214\~MPa for MA, MP and LA attachments, respectively.
\par The functional importance of the insertional lig
aments has been illustrated by studies investigating the different surgical techniques of meniscal replacement by allograft transplantation. It has been found that after en bloc total meniscectomy followed by replacement of the meniscus with both horns at
t
ached to a bony block, similar contact areas and peak contact pressures to the intact knee exist. However, replacing the meniscus with just one horn attached or with neither horn attached leads to significant decreases in joint contact areas and increases
 in peak contact pressures }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chen</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>289</RecNum><IDText>Is it important to secure the horns during lateral meniscal transplantation? A cadaveric study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref
_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>289</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Is it important to secure the horns during lateral meniscal transplantation? A cadaveric study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chen,Michael I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Branch,Thomas P.</A
u
thors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hutton,William C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscal transplantation</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>Pressure
-
sensitive film</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>174</Start_Page><End_Page>181</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.scienc
e
direct.com/science/article/B6WB8-4CG22CC-51/2/4efaacb521785cad4b3abe8c397b8572</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></C
i
te><Cite><Author>Sekaran</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>287</RecNum><IDText>Nonanatomic Location of the Posterior Horn of a Medial Meniscal Autograft Implanted in a Cadaveric Knee Adversely Affects the Pressure Distribution on the Tibial Plateau</IDText
>
<MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>287</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nonanatomic Location of the Posterior Horn of a Medial Meniscal Autograft Implanted in a Cadaveric Knee Adversely Affects the Pressure Distribution on the Tibial Platea
u
</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sekaran,S.Vijay</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hull,Maury L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,Stephen M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>transplant</Keywo
r
ds><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>74</Start_Page><End_Page>82</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>30</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/74</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="Sy
s
tem">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Alhalki</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>348</RecNum><ID
T
ext>Contact Mechanics of the Medial Tibial Plateau After Implantation of a Medial Meniscal Allograft: A Human Cadaveric Study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>348</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Contact Mechanics of the Medial Ti
b
ial Plateau After Implantation of a Medial Meniscal Allograft: A Human Cadaveric Study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Alhalki,Mohammad M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hull,Maury L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,Stephen M.</Authors_Primary
>
<Date_Primary>2000/5/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>bone</Keywords><Keywords>compression</Keywords><Keywords>Contact area</Keywords><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Key
w
ords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>Pressure-sensitive film</Keywords><Keywords>transplant</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>370</Start_Page><End_Page>376</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>3</Issue
>
<Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/3/370</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1
<
/ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Paletta</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>349</RecNum><IDText>The Effect of Allograft Meniscal Replacement on Intraarticular Contact Area and Pressures in the Human Knee: A Biomechanical Study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type
=
"Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>349</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Effect of Allograft Meniscal Replacement on Intraarticular Contact Area and Pressures in the Human Knee: A Biomechanical Study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paletta,George A.,J
r
.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manning,Tim</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Snell,Edward</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Parker,Richard</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bergfeld,John</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997/9/1</Date_Primary><Keywords
>
anterior</Keywords><Keywords>bone</Keywords><Keywords>Contact area</Keywords><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscal replacement</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Keywords>Pre
s
sure-sensitive film</Keywords><Keywords>testing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>692</Start_Page><End_Page>698</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/cont
e
nt/abstract/25/5/692</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Autho
r
>McDermott</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>364</RecNum><IDText>The effects of lateral meniscal allograft transplantation techniques on tibio-femoral contact pressures</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>364</Ref_ID><Title_
P
rimary>The effects of lateral meniscal allograft transplantation techniques on tibio-femoral contact pressures</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lie,D.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_
P
rimary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>Allograft</Keywords><Keywords>contact</Keywords><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><K
e
ywords>pressure</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>in press</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ
_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [1,18,50,59,71]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . Furthermore, in rabbits, transection of the anterior or posterior insertional ligaments of the meniscus has been shown to lead to osteochondral changes after 6 and 12 weeks, similar to meniscectomy }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Sommerlath</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>195</RecNum><IDText>The effect of a meniscal prosthesis on knee biomechanics and cartilage. An experimental study in rabbits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><R
ef_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>195</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The effect of a meniscal prosthesis on knee biomechanics and cartilage. An experimental study in rabbits</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sommerlath,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gillquist
,
J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1992/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>biomechanics</Keywords><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>73</Start_Page><End_Page>81</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</P
e
riodical><Volume>20</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/1/73</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Me
d</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [74]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The deep }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
edial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 ollateral }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 igament (dMCL)

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The dMCL is attached to the medial meniscus. It is a short and thin ligament with clear meniscofemoral and meniscotibial co
mponents. The meniscofemoral component attaches to the femoral condyle proximally to the edge of the femoral cartilage as it blends with the posterior oblique ligament and the meniscotibial component attaches to the tibial plateau just distally to the edg
e of the articular cartilage }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>LaPrade</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>334</RecNum><IDText>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>334</Ref_ID><Ti
tle_Primary>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>LaPrade,Robert F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,Anders Hauge</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ly,Thuan V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johansen,St
e
inar</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wentorf,Fred A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,Lars</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/9/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>lig
a
ment</Keywords><Keywords>Medial patellofemoral ligament</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Keywords>tendon</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2000</Start_Page><End_Page>2010</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint Surg Am</Periodical><Volum
e
>89</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/9/2000</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Am</f></ZZ_Jou
r
nalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Verdonk</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>250</RecNum><IDText>Normal and transplanted lateral knee menisci: evaluation of extrusion using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound</IDT
e
xt><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>250</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Normal and transplanted lateral knee menisci: evaluation of extrusion using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verdonk,Peter</
A
uthors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Depaepe,Yves</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Desmyter,Stefan</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>De Muynck,Martine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Almqvist,Karl Fredrik</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verstraete,Koenraa
d
</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verdonk,Rene</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>411</Start_Page><End_Page>419</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Sur
g
ery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: Official Journal Of The ESSKA</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-4DDXPVK-2T2/2/6d2f02266b477b6b53c2d23b3022c7f6</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f
 name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: Official Journal Of The ESSKA</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [41,78]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1205561 Figure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\deleted\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938300\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938300\insrsid1205561 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . Typical dimensions are width 5-9\~mm and total length 29-33\~mm. The attachment sites are located at 15-17\~mm proximally to the femoral rim for the meniscofemoral component and 2-3\~mm distally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892674 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  the tibial rim for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2650517\charrsid16721483 meniscotibial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 component }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>LaPrade</Author><Year>2007</Year>
<RecNum>334</RecNum><IDText>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>334</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>LaPrade,Robert
 
F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,Anders Hauge</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ly,Thuan V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johansen,Steinar</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wentorf,Fred A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,
L
ars</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/9/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>Medial patellofemoral ligament</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Keyword
s
>tendon</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2000</Start_Page><End_Page>2010</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint Surg Am</Periodical><Volume>89</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/9/2000</Web_URL><ZZ
_
JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Am</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Verdonk</Author><Year>2004</Y
e
ar><RecNum>250</RecNum><IDText>Normal and transplanted lateral knee menisci: evaluation of extrusion using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>250</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Normal and 
t
ransplanted lateral knee menisci: evaluation of extrusion using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verdonk,Peter</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Depaepe,Yves</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Desmyter,Stefan</Autho
r
s_Primary><Authors_Primary>De Muynck,Martine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Almqvist,Karl Fredrik</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verstraete,Koenraad</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verdonk,Rene</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/9</Date_Primary><
K
eywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>411</Start_Page><End_Page>419</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: Official Journal Of The ESSKA</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><
I
ssue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-4DDXPVK-2T2/2/6d2f02266b477b6b53c2d23b3022c7f6</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: Official Journal Of The ESSKA</f></ZZ_J
ournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [41,78]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 .
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6228154 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154\charrsid14450556 The structural properties of the dMCL have been quantified in eight cadaveric knees }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Robinson</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>361</Rec
Num><IDText>Structural properties of the medial collateral ligament complex of the human knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>361</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Structural properties of the medial collateral ligament complex of
 
the human knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Robinson,James R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,Anthony M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/5</Date_Primary><Keywords>Age</Keywords><Keywords>ana
t
omy</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>load</Keywords><Keywords>medial</Keywords><Keywords>Medial Collateral Ligament</Keywords><Keywords>Posteromedial Capsule</K
e
ywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Keywords>Strength</Keywords><Keywords>Structural Properties</Keywords><Keywords>testing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1067</Start_Page><End_Page>1074</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanic
s
</Periodical><Volume>38</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-4CX00WW-2/2/14270f30884b316b26e300b1bea14e7a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Wo
rkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [65]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6228154\charrsid14450556 . The strength, stiffness and extension to failure were 194\~\'b1\~82\~N, 42\~\'b1\~14\~N/mm and 7.1\~\'b1\~1.1\~mm, respectively. The stiffness value of the dMCL suggests a significant role in tension and its extension 
to failure is significantly less than that of the other structures of the MCL complex }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Robinson</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>361</RecNum><IDText>Structural properties of the medial collateral ligament complex of 
the human knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>361</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Structural properties of the medial collateral ligament complex of the human knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Robinson,James R.</Authors_Prim
a
ry><Authors_Primary>Bull,Anthony M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/5</Date_Primary><Keywords>Age</Keywords><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>
k
nee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>load</Keywords><Keywords>medial</Keywords><Keywords>Medial Collateral Ligament</Keywords><Keywords>Posteromedial Capsule</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Keywords>Strength</Keywords><Keywords>S
t
ructural Properties</Keywords><Keywords>testing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1067</Start_Page><End_Page>1074</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>38</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedir
ect.com/science/article/B6T82-4CX00WW-2/2/14270f30884b316b26e300b1bea14e7a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [65]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154\charrsid14450556 . Furthermore, due to its
 short length, the dMCL is rapidly tightened with tibial rotation. Therefore, it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154  believed that a valgus injury will result in an isolated rupture of the dMCL. Laxity studies }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Robinson</Author><Year>2006</Year><Rec
Num>339</RecNum><IDText>The Role of the Medial Collateral Ligament and Posteromedial Capsule in Controlling Knee Laxity</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>339</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Role of the Medial Collateral Ligame
n
t and Posteromedial Capsule in Controlling Knee Laxity</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Robinson,James R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,Anthony M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas,Rhidian R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew 
A
.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/11/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1815</Start_Page><End_Page>1823</End_Page><
P
eriodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>34</Volume><Issue>11</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/11/1815</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbre
v><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [66]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154  have shown that cutting the dMCL leads to increased external rotation at 60\'b0 to 90\'b0
 of knee flexion and that the dMCL acts as a seconda
ry restraint to valgus. The association of the dMCL with meniscal function is believed to be the restraint it provides to excessive mobility of the medial meniscus; a ruptured meniscotibial part of the dMCL will allow greater mobility of the medial menisc
us. However, the alteration of mensical function in the dMCL-deficient knee has not been addressed in the literature; the effect of the dMCL in meniscal mobility and cartilage contact stresses has not been quantified.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 In summary, it is believed that the dMCL acts as a secondary restraint to valgus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9073545\charrsid16721483  rotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
, provides restraint to excessive mobility of the medial meniscus and is associated with laxity in tibial anterior drawer at high angles of knee flexion where the tibia is externally rotated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15946174\charrsid16721483  Nevertheless, more research on dMCL-deficiency in relation to meniscal function could aid surgical decision making.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 The A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 nterior }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 nter-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 eniscal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 igament (AIL)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The AIL connects the anterior fibres of the anterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5971864  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8069825 Figure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864\charrsid14552839  1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
. It is also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734 referred to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  as the meniscomeniscal ligament, anterior transverse ligament and transverse geniculate ligament.
\par Nelson and LaPrade }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nelson</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>192</RecNum><IDText>The A
nterior Intermeniscal Ligament of the Knee: An Anatomic Study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>192</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Anterior Intermeniscal Ligament of the Knee: An Anatomic Study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary
>
Nelson,Eric W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>LaPrade,Robert F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Re
p
rint><Start_Page>74</Start_Page><End_Page>76</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/74</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sp
orts Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [56]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  found that an AIL was present in 47 out of 50 (94%) unpaired cadaveric knees, Kohn
 and Moreno }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Kohn</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>191</RecNum><IDText>Meniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: A morphological cadaveric study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><
Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>191</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Meniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: A morphological cadaveric study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kohn,Dieter</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moreno,B.</Authors_
P
rimary><Date_Primary>1995/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>insertional ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>96</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journ
a
l of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WB8-4CG1TPY-1P/2/17ce6533634e647f5bd88dacbdd52f21</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: Th
e Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [38]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  in 59 out of 92 (64%) specimens and Berlet and Fowler }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Berlet</Aut
hor><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>288</RecNum><IDText>The Anterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus: An Anatomic Study of Its Insertion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>288</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Anterior Horn of the Medial Me
n
iscus: An Anatomic Study of Its Insertion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Berlet,Gregory C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fowler,Peter J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/7/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><K
e
ywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>540</Start_Page><End_Page>543</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abs
tract/26/4/540</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [12]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  in 
24 out of 32 (71%). These result in an overall 74% presence of the AIL in a total of 176 knee-joints.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16721483\charrsid16721483  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16721483\charrsid14450556 
However, there is ambiguity on what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5583118\charrsid14450556 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16721483\charrsid14450556  considered by the different investigators }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5583118\charrsid14450556 to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16721483\charrsid14450556  an AIL, as the anatomical variability is substantial }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Kohn</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>191</RecNum><IDText>Meniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: A morphological cadaveric study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type>
<
Ref_ID>191</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Meniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: A morphological cadaveric study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kohn,Dieter</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moreno,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/2
<
/Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>insertional ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>96</Start_Page><End_Page>103</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Rel
a
ted Surgery</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WB8-4CG1TPY-1P/2/17ce6533634e647f5bd88dacbdd52f21</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &a
mp; Related Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [38]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16721483\charrsid14450556 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid14450556 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid3282620 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615\charrsid3282620 agnetic resonance imaging (M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid3282620 RI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3745615\charrsid3282620 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid3282620  studies have also looked at the AIL occurrence in the knee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  Aydingoz et al }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeA
uth="1"><Author>Ayding&#xF6;z</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>341</RecNum><IDText>MR imaging of the anterior intermeniscal ligament: classification according to insertion sites</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>341</Ref_
I
D><Title_Primary>MR imaging of the anterior intermeniscal ligament: classification according to insertion sites</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ayding&#xF6;z,U</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kaya,A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Atay,A.O.</Authors_P
r
imary><Authors_Primary>&#xD6;zt&#xFC;rk,H.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doral,N.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>anterior</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprin
t
><Start_Page>824</Start_Page><End_Page>829</End_Page><Periodical>European radiology</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0938-7994</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article;atitle=MR%20imaging%20of%2
0
the%20anterior%20intermeniscal%20ligament%3A%20classification%20according%20to%20insertion%20sites;title=European%20Radiology;issn=09387994;date=4%2F1%2F2002;volume=12;issue=4;spage=824;authors=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn%20Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z%2C%20Ayten%20Kaya%2C%20A
h
met%20%C3%96.%20Atay%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;authors=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn%20Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z%2C%20Ayten%20Kaya%2C%20Ahmet%20%C3%96.%20Atay%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;epage=829;author=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn%20Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z;aulast=Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z;a
ufirst=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">European radiology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [8]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  found an AIL present in 122 out of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\deleted\revauthdel2\revdttmdel-2033669019\insrsid196792\delrsid5836060\charrsid16721483 129 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\revised\revauth2\revdttm-2033669019\insrsid5836060 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\revised\revauth2\revdttm-2033669019\insrsid5836060\charrsid16721483 29 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 cases (53%) and Aydin et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.C
ITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Aydin</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>342</RecNum><IDText>The reference point to measure the anterior intermeniscal ligament&apos;s thickness: an MRI study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_T
y
pe><Ref_ID>342</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The reference point to measure the anterior intermeniscal ligament&apos;s thickness: an MRI study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Aydin,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ozenci,A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>O
z
canli,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ozdemir,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Urguden,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>anterior</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>MRI</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Re
p
rint><Start_Page>343</Start_Page><End_Page>346</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0942-2056</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=ar
t
icle&amp;atitle=The%20reference%20point%20to%20measure%20the%20anterior%20intermeniscal%20ligament%27s%20thickness%3A%20an%20MRI%20study&amp;title=Knee%20Surgery%2C%20Sports%20Traumatology%2C%20Arthroscopy&amp;issn=09422056&amp;date=11%2F1%2F2002&amp;volu
m
e=10&amp;issue=6&amp;spage=343&amp;authors=Ahmet%20Aydin%2C%20Alpay%20%C3%96zenci%2C%20Haluk%20%C3%96zcanli%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;authors=Ahmet%20Aydin%2C%20Alpay%20%C3%96zenci%2C%20Haluk%20%C3%96zcanli%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;epag
e=346&amp;author=Ahmet%20Aydin&amp;aulast=Aydin&amp;aufirst=Ahmet</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [7]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  in 61 out of 98 cases
 (62%). These result in an overall 56% }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734 observed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 occurrence, which is significantly less than the anatomical studies. This could be because }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 MRI may include significant numbers of false negatives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . Aydingoz et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="
1"><Author>Ayding&#xF6;z</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>341</RecNum><IDText>MR imaging of the anterior intermeniscal ligament: classification according to insertion sites</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>341</Ref_ID><T
i
tle_Primary>MR imaging of the anterior intermeniscal ligament: classification according to insertion sites</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ayding&#xF6;z,U</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kaya,A</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Atay,A.O.</Authors_Primar
y
><Authors_Primary>&#xD6;zt&#xFC;rk,H.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doral,N.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>anterior</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><St
a
rt_Page>824</Start_Page><End_Page>829</End_Page><Periodical>European radiology</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0938-7994</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article;atitle=MR%20imaging%20of%20the%
2
0anterior%20intermeniscal%20ligament%3A%20classification%20according%20to%20insertion%20sites;title=European%20Radiology;issn=09387994;date=4%2F1%2F2002;volume=12;issue=4;spage=824;authors=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn%20Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z%2C%20Ayten%20Kaya%2C%20Ahmet%
2
0%C3%96.%20Atay%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;authors=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn%20Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z%2C%20Ayten%20Kaya%2C%20Ahmet%20%C3%96.%20Atay%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;epage=829;author=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn%20Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z;aulast=Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%B6z;aufirs
t=%C3%9Cst%C3%9Cn</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">European radiology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [8]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  performed an arthroscopic evaluation post-MRI to compare the findings. They reported th
at in 40% of the cases (24 in total) where an AIL was found arthroscopically, the MRI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734 failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 detect it.
\par The functional role of this ligament is unclear and its influence on the overall meniscal biomechanics remains elusive. It has been reported to serve
 in some specimens as the primary attachment of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus and proposed to act as a restraint to anterior subluxation and excessive posterior translation when the menisci are under load }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author
>Nelson</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>192</RecNum><IDText>The Anterior Intermeniscal Ligament of the Knee: An Anatomic Study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>192</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Anterior Intermeniscal Ligam
e
nt of the Knee: An Anatomic Study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nelson,Eric W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>LaPrade,Robert F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligam
e
nt</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>74</Start_Page><End_Page>76</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/7
4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [56]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . Finally, it is 
also believed that it acts as a tie between the menisci that controls their relative positioning on the tibial plateau when the tibia rotates.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 The M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 eniscofemoral }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 L}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 igaments (MFLs)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The MFLs are attached to the lateral meniscus. They are two ligaments identif
ied as joining the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the lateral side of the medial condyle of the femur. One ligament runs anterior to the posterior cruciate ligament and is known as the ligament of Humphry (aMFL), whereas the other runs posterio
r to the posterior cruciate ligament and is known as the ligament of Wrisberg (pMFL) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Amis</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>340</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligamen
ts</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>340</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte
,
C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Key
w
ords><Keywords>meniscofemorals</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>257</Start_Page><End_Page>263</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0942-2056</ISSN
_
ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article</u>;atitle=Anatomy%20of%20the%20posterior%20cruciate%20ligament%20and%20the%20meniscofemoral%20ligaments;title=Knee%20Surgery%2C%20Sports%20Traumatology%2C%20Arthroscopy;issn=094220
5
6;date=3%2F4%2F2006;volume=14;issue=3;spage=257;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;epage=2
63;author=A.%20A.%20Amis;aulast=Amis;aufirst=A.;auinit1=A.</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [5]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864 (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8069825 Figure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938300\insrsid1205561 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \deleted\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938300\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5971864 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The occurrence of the MFLs found in the literature is summarised in the review of Gupte et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gupte</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>105</RecNum><IDText>A review of the function and biomechanics of the meniscofemor
al ligaments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>105</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A review of the function and biomechanics of the meniscofemoral ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,Chinmay M.</Authors_Primary><Author
s
_Primary>Bull,Anthony M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas,R.DeW</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>biomechanics</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments<
/
Keywords><Keywords>MFLs</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>161</Start_Page><End_Page>171</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journal Of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery: Offic
i
al Publication Of The Arthroscopy Association Of North America And The International Arthroscopy Association</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-48FKKBN-1TW/2/7aab183696b1727cc570914b1
0
ac4d8a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: The Journal Of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery: Official Publication Of The Arthroscopy Association Of North America And The International Arthroscopy Association</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbr
ev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [29]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . It was shown that at least one MFL was present in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid14450556 92% of the 808 knee-specimens examined in the literature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7343884\charrsid14450556  However, there is a suggestion that MFLs degenerate with age}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15950123\charrsid14450556  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Re
fman><Cite><Author>Gupte</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>166</RecNum><IDText>Meniscofemoral ligaments revisited. Anatomical study, age correlation and clinical implications</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>166</Ref_ID><
T
itle_Primary>Meniscofemoral ligaments revisited. Anatomical study, age correlation and clinical implications</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,I.D.</Authors_Pr
i
mary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas,R.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</K
e
ywords><Keywords>MFLs</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>846</Start_Page><End_Page>851</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>84</Volume><Issue>6</Issu
e
><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-46R08XC-3GS/2/672c947e97e564cd42a1bd2e67120cbb</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_W
orkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [28]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7343884\charrsid14450556 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556  thus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343884\charrsid14450556 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15950123\charrsid14450556 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343884\charrsid14450556 FL presence could be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15950123\charrsid14450556  even greater than the reported.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid14450556 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 Gupte et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gupt
e</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>354</RecNum><IDText>Meniscofemoral ligaments--structural and material properties</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>354</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Meniscofemoral ligaments--structural and mat
e
rial properties</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,Chinmay M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,Andrew</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jamieson,Nils</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,Anthony M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas,Rh
i
dian DeW</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>Material properties</Keywords><Keywords>Mechanical properties</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscofemoral ligament</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus
<
/Keywords><Keywords>Posterior cruciate ligament</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1623</Start_Page><End_Page>1629</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>35</Volume><Issue>12</Issu
e
><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-4777811-8/2/edf088feeacd33ac680a5d056a3535b0</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman
>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [31]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 
 studied the properties of the MFLs in 28 human cadaveric knees. They found that the area, load to failure and tensile modulus of the aMFL and pMFL were 14.7\~\'b1\~14.8\~mm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556  and 20.9\~\'b1\~11.6\~mm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 , 300\~\'b1\~155\~N and 302}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 \'b1\~158\~N and 281}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 \'b1\~239\~
MPa and 227}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 \'b1\~128\~MPa, respectively. The relatively high tensile modulus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556 
(similar to the major knee-ligaments) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 suggests that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556 indeed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5593320\charrsid14450556 have a functional role within the joint.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556 
 The length of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5583118\charrsid14450556 MFL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556 and pMFL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556 was measured in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556 62 and 58}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16384090\charrsid14450556  knees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556  respectively }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE
 <Refman><Cite><Author>Gupte</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>166</RecNum><IDText>Meniscofemoral ligaments revisited. Anatomical study, age correlation and clinical implications</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>166</Ref_
I
D><Title_Primary>Meniscofemoral ligaments revisited. Anatomical study, age correlation and clinical implications</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,I.D.</Author
s
_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas,R.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligament
s
</Keywords><Keywords>MFLs</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>846</Start_Page><End_Page>851</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>84</Volume><Issue>6</
I
ssue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-46R08XC-3GS/2/672c947e97e564cd42a1bd2e67120cbb</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</
ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [28]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556 ; it was found that the aMFL was 20.7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556 \'b1\~3.9\~mm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1125590\charrsid14450556 long}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556  and the pMFL 23.0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10886052\charrsid14450556 \'b1\~4.3\~mm.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16266460\charrsid14450556 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The pMFL is tight in the extended knee and slackens with knee flexion, whereas the aMFL is slack in the extended knee and tightens with knee flexion }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Amis</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>340</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_I
D>340</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary>
<
Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>meniscofemorals</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Repri
n
t><Start_Page>257</Start_Page><End_Page>263</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0942-2056</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=ar
t
icle</u>;atitle=Anatomy%20of%20the%20posterior%20cruciate%20ligament%20and%20the%20meniscofemoral%20ligaments;title=Knee%20Surgery%2C%20Sports%20Traumatology%2C%20Arthroscopy;issn=09422056;date=3%2F4%2F2006;volume=14;issue=3;spage=257;authors=A.%20A.%20Am
i
s%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;epage=263;author=A.%20A.%20Amis;aulast=Amis;aufirst=A.;auinit1=A.</Web_URL><
ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [5]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . The MFLs have been demonstrated to act as secondary restraints to posterior drawer }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR
.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Gupte</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>167</RecNum><IDText>The meniscofemoral ligaments: secondary restraints to the posterior drawer. Analysis of anteroposterior and rotary laxity in the intact and posterior-cruciate-deficient
 
knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>167</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The meniscofemoral ligaments: secondary restraints to the posterior drawer. Analysis of anteroposterior and rotary laxity in the intact and posterior-cruci
a
te-deficient knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,Chinmay M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,Anthony M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas,Rhidian D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003
/
7</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>MFLs</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>765</Start_Page><End_Page>773
<
/End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodical><Volume>85</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-497499K-H0/2/b54211eada70ba905f44c391ea1faeb0</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbr
ev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [30]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
. It has also been suggested that they control the motion of the lateral meniscal posterior horn with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801955\charrsid16721483 knee flexion }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>150</RecNum><IDText>Investigation of mechanical behavior of articular cartilage by fibril reinforced poroelastic models</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>
Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>150</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Investigation of mechanical behavior of articular cartilage by fibril reinforced poroelastic models</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Li,LePing</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shirazi-Adl,A.</Authors_Pr
i
mary><Authors_Primary>Buschmann,M.D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>227</Start_Page><End_Page>233</End_Page
>
<Periodical>Biorheology</Periodical><Volume>40</Volume><Issue>1-3</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-48FJNH3-18/2/b88ec4c17207480ebb12085daf245cd2</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biorheology</f></ZZ_JournalSt
dAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [45]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734 Furthermore, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 t has been speculated that they can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734 
potentially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 act as splints for a healing PCL after an isolated PCL rupture }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refma
n><Cite><Author>Amis</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>340</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>340</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy of
 
the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Pri
m
ary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>meniscofemorals</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>257</Start_Page><End_Page
>
263</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0942-2056</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article</u>;atitle=Anatomy%20of%20the%20po
s
terior%20cruciate%20ligament%20and%20the%20meniscofemoral%20ligaments;title=Knee%20Surgery%2C%20Sports%20Traumatology%2C%20Arthroscopy;issn=09422056;date=3%2F4%2F2006;volume=14;issue=3;spage=257;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J
.
%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;epage=263;author=A.%20A.%20Amis;aulast=Amis;aufirst=A.;auinit1=A.</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Sur
gery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [5]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 . The MFLs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 remain intact while the PCL ruptures; this is due to their distal attachment to the mobile meniscus, which is lifted off of the tibial plateau at the time of injury. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11157368 More recently, Amadi et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Amadi</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>368</RecNum><IDText>A biomechanical study of the meniscofemoral ligaments and their contri
bution to contact pressure reduction in the knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>368</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A biomechanical study of the meniscofemoral ligaments and their contribution to contact pressure reduction in t
h
e knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amadi,H.O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lie,D.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Author
s
_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>biomechanical</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscofemoral ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>contact</Keywords><Keywords>Contact p
r
essure</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>in press</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Trau
matology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [3]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3035517\charrsid16721483 
 showed that the MFL-deficient knee experiences a 10% increase in cartilage contact stresses in axial compression in full extension as compared to the healthy joint.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
\par The anatomy and functional biomechanics of the MFLs have been extensively discussed by Gupte et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gupte</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>105</RecNum><IDText>A review of the function and b
iomechanics of the meniscofemoral ligaments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>105</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A review of the function and biomechanics of the meniscofemoral ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,Chin
m
ay M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,Anthony M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas,R.DeW</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>biomechanics</Keywords><Keywords>ligament
<
/Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>MFLs</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>161</Start_Page><End_Page>171</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journal Of Arthroscop
i
c &amp; Related Surgery: Official Publication Of The Arthroscopy Association Of North America And The International Arthroscopy Association</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-48FKKBN-
1
TW/2/7aab183696b1727cc570914b10ac4d8a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: The Journal Of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery: Official Publication Of The Arthroscopy Association Of North America And The International Arthroscopy Ass
ociation</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [29]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  and Amis et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Amis</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>340</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy of the posterior crucia
te ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>340</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.
A
.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>
l
igaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>meniscofemorals</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>257</Start_Page><End_Page>263</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume>
<
Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0942-2056</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article</u>;atitle=Anatomy%20of%20the%20posterior%20cruciate%20ligament%20and%20the%20meniscofemoral%20ligaments;title=Knee%20Surgery%2C%20Sports%2
0
Traumatology%2C%20Arthroscopy;issn=09422056;date=3%2F4%2F2006;volume=14;issue=3;spage=257;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20B
u
ll%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;epage=263;author=A.%20A.%20Amis;aulast=Amis;aufirst=A.;auinit1=A.</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><
/Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [5]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 .
\par In summary, the meniscus and its insertional ligaments comprise a functional unit that works in harmony to protect the underlying articular cartilage in the load-bearing knee joint. The meniscal ligaments act as secondary stabilisers of the 
knee joint, but also act to control the mobility and motion of the menisci; this may result in meniscal tear prevention.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc6\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr6\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 The Consequences of Loss of Function of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14319280 
the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483  Meniscus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14319280 -Meniscal Ligament construct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 The functional importance of the menisci in-vivo ha
s been proven unequivocally by the numerous studies that have documented the clinical results after meniscectomy. As far back as 1948, Fairbank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3426695\charrsid16721483  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1" ExcludeYear="1"><Author>Fairbank</Author><Year>1948</Year><RecN
um>360</RecNum><IDText>KNEE JOINT CHANGES AFTER MENISCECTOMY</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>360</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>KNEE JOINT CHANGES AFTER MENISCECTOMY</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fairbank,T.J.</Authors_Primar
y
><Date_Primary>1948/11/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>Function</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>Osteoarthritis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start
_
Page>664</Start_Page><End_Page>670</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint Surg Br</Periodical><Volume>30-B</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/content/abstract/30-B/4/664</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Bone and Jo
int Surgery - British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Br</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [22]}}}
\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3426695\charrsid16721483  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 
highlighted the radiographic changes of degeneration associated with meniscectomy, and suggested that meniscectomy might not be wholly innocuous. Baratz et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Baratz</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>199</RecNum><IDText>Meniscal tears: the effect of meniscectomy
 and of repair on intraarticular contact areas and stress in the human knee. A preliminary report</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>199</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Meniscal tears: the effect of meniscectomy and of repair on in
t
raarticular contact areas and stress in the human knee. A preliminary report</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Baratz,M.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fu,F.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mengato,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Prima
r
y><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>270</Start_Page><End_Page>275</End_Page><Periodical>The American Journal Of Sports Medicine</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>4
<
/Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CF285-3H6/2/32c83454d3fcab877f683544d961842f</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The American Journal Of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_Workform
ID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [10]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 
 have shown that meniscectomy leads to a 75% reduction in contact areas within the knee and a 235% increase in peak local contact pressures. Long term studies following up patients after meniscectomy have shown that they are 
14 times more likely to develop radiographic signs of osteoarthritis after 21 years }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Roos</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>304</RecNum><IDText>Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament
 or meniscus: the influence of time and age</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>304</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age
<
/Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roos,Harald</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Adalberth,Torsten</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dahlberg,Leif</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lohmander,L.Stefan</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/12</Date_Primary><Keyw
o
rds>Age</Keywords><Keywords>Arthroscopy</Keywords><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Knee injury</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>Osteoarthritis</Keyw
o
rds><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>261</Start_Page><End_Page>267</End_Page><Periodical>Osteoarthritis and Cartilage</Periodical><Volume>3</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WP3-4H99DM1-5/2/30cdf76b75
8f762e2080b4224bc91187</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Osteoarthritis and Cartilage</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [68]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12140197\charrsid16721483  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12140197\charrsid3282620 Christoforakis et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1">
<Author>Christoforakis</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>355</RecNum><IDText>Is There an Association Between Articular Cartilage Changes and Degenerative Meniscus Tears?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>355</Ref_ID><Title
_
Primary>Is There an Association Between Articular Cartilage Changes and Degenerative Meniscus Tears?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Christoforakis,Joseph</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pradhan,Ragib</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sanchez-Ballester,
J
ordi</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hunt,Neil</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Strachan,Robin K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/11</Date_Primary><Keywords>Age</Keywords><Keywords>Arthroscopy</Keywords><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>Carti
l
age damage</Keywords><Keywords>Cartilage degeneration</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>Damage</Keywords><Keywords>Horizontal meniscal tear</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keyword
s
>repair</Keywords><Keywords>Stability</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1366</Start_Page><End_Page>1369</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</Periodical><Volume>21</Volume><Issue>11</Issue>
<
Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WB8-4HP9BH8-N/2/f840a0f0058e982f572c6f7a66c826c2</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1
</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [19]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12140197\charrsid3282620  showed high correlation between severe cartilage degeneration and degenerative (complex and horizontal cleavage) meniscal tears.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5637257\charrsid3282620 
 More recently, total medial meniscectomy was associated with altered gait patterns }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Magyar</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>363</RecNum><IDText>Effect of medial meniscectomy on gait parameters</IDText><MDL Ref_Type='Journal'><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>363</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Effect of 
medial meniscectomy on gait parameters</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Magyar,O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Illy+&#xAE;s,+&#xFC;rp+&#xED;d</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Knoll,Zsolt</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kiss,Rita</Authors_Primary><D
a
te_Primary>2008/4/27</Date_Primary><Keywords>Gait analysis</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>medial</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>427</Start_Page><End_Page>433</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Su
r
gery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>16</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Misc_3>10.1007/s00167-007-0430-9</Misc_3><Web_URL>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-007-0430-9</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name='System'>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatolog
y, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 [46]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5637257\charrsid3282620 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid3282620 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1316829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 Burke et al }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Burke</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>241</RecNum><IDText>A biomechanical study of partia
l and total medial meniscectomy of the knee.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>241</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A biomechanical study of partial and total medial meniscectomy of the knee.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Burke,D
.
L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahmed,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Miller,J</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1978</Date_Primary><Keywords>area</Keywords><Keywords>biomechanical</Keywords><Keywords>cadaver</Keywords><Keywords>circumferential</
K
eywords><Keywords>contact</Keywords><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>film</Keywords><Keywords>Human</Keywords><Keywords>insertional ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keyw
o
rds>load</Keywords><Keywords>medial</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>Partial meniscectomy</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>radial</Ke
y
words><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>91</Start_Page><Periodical>Trans.Orthop.Res.Soc</Periodical><Volume>3</Volume><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Trans.Orthop.Res.Soc</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Re
fman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [14]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 
 demonstrated that pressure distribution patterns within the knee were less affected by partial meniscectomy leaving the peripheral portion of the meniscus intact, than by total meniscectomy. This highlights the importance of attempted meniscal 
preservation at surgery with the aim of maintaining optimum residual meniscal function. In particular, surgery should aim to preserve a continuous ring of tissue around the periphery. A radial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734 tear}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483  is therefore more damaging than the more common circumferential tear, and more likely to be disrupted by loads imposed in weight-bearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6228154 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615\charrsid3745615 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154\charrsid3745615 
 importance of the meniscal ligaments in the overall function of the meniscus-meniscal ligament construct suggests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 that ligaments should be preserved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6228154\charrsid3745615 at surgery. In partia
l meniscectomy all meniscal ligaments are maintained, hence a significant amount of the meniscus-meniscal construct function is preserved. Also, preservation of the MFLs should be attempted in management of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) related injuri
es }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Amis</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>340</RecNum><IDText>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>340</Ref_ID
><Title_Primary>Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gupte,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Prim
a
ry>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>meniscofemorals</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Pag
e
>257</Start_Page><End_Page>263</End_Page><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0942-2056</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article</u>;ati
t
le=Anatomy%20of%20the%20posterior%20cruciate%20ligament%20and%20the%20meniscofemoral%20ligaments;title=Knee%20Surgery%2C%20Sports%20Traumatology%2C%20Arthroscopy;issn=09422056;date=3%2F4%2F2006;volume=14;issue=3;spage=257;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20
M
.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;authors=A.%20A.%20Amis%2C%20C.%20M.%20Gupte%2C%20A.%20M.%20J.%20Bull%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E;epage=263;author=A.%20A.%20Amis;aulast=Amis;aufirst=A.;auinit1=A.</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFul
l><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [5]}}}\sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154\charrsid3745615 , as the MFLs contribute to the function of the meniscus-meniscal ligament construct.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1316829 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745615 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10828811\charrsid16721483 umerous meniscal tears a
re irreparable, in which case partial or total meniscectomy is unavoidable. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11425925\charrsid3282620 Solution to such cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734\charrsid3282620 
may lie with techniques such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10828811\charrsid3282620 meniscal allograft transplantation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734\charrsid3282620 
 after total meniscectomy or partial meniscal replacement with collagen scaffolds after partial meniscectomy. However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10828811\charrsid3282620 
, such procedures are still not practiced widely and their results have not yet been adequately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11425925\charrsid3282620 and rigorously }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10828811\charrsid3282620 quantified}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7557734\charrsid3282620 ; their long term results are awaited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10828811\charrsid3282620 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6228154\charrsid3282620  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid3282620 The consequences of meniscectomy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483  have been extensively discussed by McDermott and Amis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533667  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>McDermott</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>302</RecNum><IDText>The consequences of meniscectomy</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>302</Ref_ID><Title
_Primary>The consequences of meniscectomy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/12/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>me
n
isci</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1549</Start_Page><End_Page>1556</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint Surg Br</Periodical><Volume>88-B</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><Web_URL>http://w
w
w.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/content/abstract/88-B/12/1549</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Br</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_Workfo
rmID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [49]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14029429\charrsid16721483  and incidence, clinical assessment and management of meniscal tears have been discussed by McDermott }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>McDermott</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>356<
/RecNum><IDText>(ii) Meniscal tears</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>356</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>(ii) Meniscal tears</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,Ian Douglas</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/4</Date_Primar
y
><Keywords>Allograft</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>Function</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscal replacement</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>
M
eniscus</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Keywords>Tear</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>85</Start_Page><End_Page>94</End_Page><Periodical>Current Orthopaedics</Periodical><Volume>20</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.scien
cedirect.com/science/article/B6WD9-4JRM0J7-2/2/b9e4be8bf36c65b321eaaae0e0eee3bb</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Current Orthopaedics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 [51]}}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1316829\charrsid16721483 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc7\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr7\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid196792 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid196792\charrsid16721483 Conclusions
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1593947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 The complex functions of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15093720 meniscus-meniscal ligament construct}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483  of the knee are intricately related to their composition, fine structure and gross morphology. Much work has helped to clarify many details regarding the biomechanical properties of the meni
sci, and the importance of their functions in-vivo is now well known. Current treatment protocols aim to minimise the resection of meniscal tissue where possible, and many different meniscal repair techniques are currently available. Possible options for 
those patients who have either already undergone total meniscectomy or who have suffered severely irreparable meniscal trauma include meniscal allograft transplantation, and future possibilities may lie in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration.

\par H
owever, the function of the meniscal ligaments still remains, at least to a degree, unclear. In-vitro or in-vivo studies looking at the functional role of the AIL have not been conducted yet nor have its properties been quantified. The importance of the i
nsertional ligaments has been stressed within the literature, but their properties in humans have not yet been quantified. Such information could be of significant importance for allograft selection or for the design of the implants of the future.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid8533667 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc8\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr8\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8533667 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667 \page Reference List}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533667\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\qc \fi357\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid87709 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid87709  ADDIN REFMGR.REFLIST }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid87709 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s47\ql \fi-820\li820\ri0\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tx540\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin820\itap0\pararsid2191730 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 \tab [1] \tab 
Alhalki MM, Hull ML, Howell SM (2000) Contact mechanics of the medial tibial plateau after implantation of a medial meniscal allograft: A human cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med 28:370-376
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\par \tab [3] \tab Amadi HO, Gupte CM, Lie DT, McDermott ID, Amis AA, Bull AMJ (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2191730\charrsid2191730 in press}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ) A biomechanical study of the menis
cofemoral ligaments and their contribution to contact pressure reduction in the knee. Knee Surg Sport Tr A
\par \tab [4] \tab Amiri S, Cooke D, Kim I, Wyss U (2007) Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: Interaction between the ligaments and the articular surfaces in guiding the joint motion. P I Mech Eng H 221:821-832
\par \tab [5] \tab Amis AA, Gupte CM, Bull AMJ, Edwards A (2006) anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments. Knee Surg Sport Tr A 14:257-263
\par \tab [6] \tab Andriacchi TP, Mundermann A, Smith RL, Alexander EJ, Dyrby CO, Koo S (2004) A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng 32:447-457
\par \tab [7] \tab Aydin A, Ozenci A, Ozcanli H, Ozdemir H, Urguden M (2002) The reference point to measure the anterior intermeniscal lig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 ament's thickness: A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 n }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 MRI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 study. Knee Surg Sport Tr A 10:343-346
\par \tab [8] \tab Ayding\'f6z U, Kaya A, Atay AO, \'d6zt\'fcrk HM, Doral NM (2002) MR imaging of the anterior intermeniscal ligament: Classification according to insertion sites. Eur Radiol 12:824-829
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\par \tab [10] \tab Baratz ME, Fu FH, Mengato R (1986) Meniscal tears: The effect of meniscectomy and of repair on intraarticular contact areas and stress in the human knee. a preliminary report. Am J Sport Med 14:270-275
\par \tab [11] \tab Beaupre A, Choukroun R, Guidouin R, Garneau R, Gerardin H, Cardou A (1986) Knee menisci. Correlation between microstructure and biomechanics. Clin Orthop Rel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 208:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 72-75
\par \tab [12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 ] \tab Berlet GC, Fowler PJ (1998) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he anterio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 r horn of the medial meniscus: A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 n anatomic study of its insertion. Am J Sports Med 26:540-543
\par \tab [13] \tab Bullough PG, Munuera L, Murphy J, Weinstein AM (1970) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he strength of the menisci of the knee as it relates to their fine structure. J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Bone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 Joint Surg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Br}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 52:564-567
\par \tab [14] \tab Burke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  DL, Ahmed AM, Miller J (1978) A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  biomechanical study of partial and total medial meniscectomy of the knee. Trans Orthop Res Soc 3:91
\par \tab [15] \tab Butler }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 DL, Kay MD, Stouffer DC (1986) C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 omparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments. J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  19:425-432
\par \tab [16] \tab Campbell SE, Sanders TG, Morrison WB (2001) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 MR imaging of meniscal cysts: I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ncidence, location, and clinical significance. Am J R
oentgenol 177:409-413
\par \tab [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7012927  \tab Carlsson LA, Pipes RB (1997) E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 xperimental characterization of advanced composite materials}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.
\par \tab [18] \tab Chen M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 I, Branch TP, Hutton WC (1996) I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 s it important to secure the horns during lateral meniscal transplantation? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3738097 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  cadaveric study. Arthroscopy 12:174-181
\par \tab [19] \tab Christoforakis J, Pradhan R, Sanchez-Ballester J, Hunt N, Strachan RK (2005) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
s there an association between articular cartilage changes and degenerative meniscus tears? Arthroscopy 21:1366-1369
\par \tab [20] \tab Dowling NE (1999) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 echanical behavior of materials: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730 ngineering methods for deformation, fracture and fatigue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7012927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  2nd edn. New Jersey, USA, Prentice Hall, Inc.
\par \tab [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 21] \tab Drosos GI, Pozo JL (2004) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he causes and mecha
nisms of meniscal injuries in the sporting and non-sporting environment in an unselected population. Knee 11:143-149
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 \tab [22] \tab Fairbank TJ (1948)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
nee joint changes after meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 30-B:664-670
\par \tab [23] \tab Fergus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 on SJ, Bryant JT, Ito K (2001) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he material properties of the bovine acetabular labrum. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Orthop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 19:887-896

\par \tab [24] \tab Fithi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 an DC, Kelly MA, Mow VC (1990) M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 aterial properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci. Clin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Orthop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Relat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730 R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 252:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 19-31
\par \tab [25] \tab Fukubayashi T, Kurosawa H (1980) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he contact area and pressure dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 
tribution pattern of the knee. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  study of normal and osteoarthrotic knee joints. Acta Orthop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Scand}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 51:871-879
\par \tab [26] \tab Fukubayashi T, Torzilli PA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 , Sherman MF, Warren RF (1982) A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 n in vitro biomechanical evaluation of anterior}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11422688 -posterior motion of the knee. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ibial displacement, rotation, and torque. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 J Bone Joint Surg Am }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
64:258-264
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s47\ql \fi-820\li820\ri0\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tx540\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin820\itap0\pararsid11422688 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 \tab [27] \tab Goertzen D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 J, Budney DR, Cinats JG (1997) M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ethodology and apparatus to determine material properties of the knee joint meniscus. Med}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Phys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 19:412-419

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s47\ql \fi-820\li820\ri0\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tx540\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin820\itap0\pararsid2191730 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 \tab [28] \tab 
Gupte CM, Smith A, McDermott ID, Bull }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 AMJ, Thomas RD, Amis AA (2002) M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 enis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 cofemoral ligaments revisited. A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 natomical study, age correlation and clinical implications. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 J Bone Joint Surg Br}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  84:846-851
\par \tab [29] \tab Gupte CM, Bull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid787639  AM, Thomas RD, Amis AA (2003) A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  review of the function and biomechanics of the meniscofemoral ligaments. Arthroscopy 19:161-171

\par \tab [30] \tab Gupte CM, Bull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688  AMJ, Thomas RD, Amis AA (2003) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he meniscofemoral ligaments: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 econdary restr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 aints to the posterior drawer. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
nalysis of anteroposterior and rotary laxity in the intact and posterior-cruciate-deficient knee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 J Bone Joint Surg Br }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 85:765-773
\par \tab [31] \tab Gupte CM, Smith A, Jamieson N, Bull }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688 AMJ, Thomas RD, Amis AA (2002) Meniscofemoral ligaments--S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 tructural and material properties. J}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422688  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  35:1623-1629
\par \tab [32] \tab Hansen U, Ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 souros S, Amis AA (2006) (iii) M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 aterial properties of biological tissues related to joint surgery. Curr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747  Orthopaed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  20:16-22
\par \tab [33] \tab Haut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747  TL, Hull ML, Howell SM (2000) U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 se of 
roentgenography and magnetic resonance imaging to predict meniscal geometry determined with a three-dimensional coordinate digitizing system. J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747  Orthop }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Res}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 18:228-237
\par \tab [34] \tab Hunter D, Zhang Y, Niu J, Tu X, Amin S, Clancy M, Guermazi A, Grigor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 ian M, Gale D, Felson D (2006) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
he association of meniscal pathologic changes with cartilage loss in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 Arth Rheum/Ar C Res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730 54:795-801
\par \tab [35] \tab Ishiko T, Naito M, Moriyama S (2005) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ensile properties o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 f the human acetabular labrum--T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he first report. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Orthop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730 Res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 23:1448-1453
\par \tab [36] \tab Iwaki H, Pi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 nskerova V, Freeman MAR (2000) Tibiofemoral movement 1: T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
he shapes and relative movements of the femur and tibia in the unloaded cadaver knee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 J Bone Joint Surg Br }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 82:1189-1195
\par \tab [37] \tab Joshi MD, Suh JK, Marui T, Woo SL (1995) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 nterspecies variation of compressive biomechanical properties of the meniscus. J Biomed}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Mater Res 29:823-828
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 \tab [38] \tab Kohn D, Moreno B (1995) M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 eniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  morphological cadaveric study. Arthroscopy 11:96-103
\par \tab [39] \tab Krause WR, Pope MH, Johnson RJ, Wilder DG (1976) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13137747 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 echanical changes in the knee after meniscectomy. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13137747 J Bone Joint Surg Am }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 58:599-604
\par \tab [40] \tab Kurosawa H, Fu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 kubayashi T, Nakajima H (1980) L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 oad-bearing mode of the knee joint: phys
ical behavior of the knee joint with or without menisci. Clin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Orthop Relat R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8549210 149:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 283-290
\par \tab [41] \tab LaPrade RF, Engebretsen AH, Ly TV, Johansen S, We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 ntorf FA, Engebretsen L (2007) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
he anatomy of the medial part of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:2000-2010
\par \tab [42] \tab Lechne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 r K, Hull ML, Howell SM (2000) I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
s the circumferential tensile modulus within a human medial meniscus affected by the test sample location and cross-sectional area? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Orthop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 18:945-951
\par \tab [43] \tab Levy IM, Torzilli PA, Gould JD, Warren RF (1989) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he effect of lateral meniscectomy on motion of the knee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6437077 J Bone Joint Surg Am }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 71:401-406
\par \tab [44] \tab Levy IM, Torzilli PA, Warren RF (1982) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he effect of medial meniscectomy on anterior-posterior motion of the knee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6437077 J Bone Joint Surg Am }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 64:883-888
\par \tab [45] \tab Li L, Shir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 azi-Adl A, Buschmann MD (2003) I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
nvestigation of mechanical behavior of articular cartilage by fibril reinforced poroelastic models. Biorheology 40:227-233
\par \tab [46] \tab Magyar O, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 Illyes A, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6182225 Knoll Z, Kiss R (2008) E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ffect of medial meniscectomy on gait parameter
s. Knee Surg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Sport}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  Traum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 16:427-433
\par \tab [47] \tab Markolf KL, Bargar WL, S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 hoemaker SC, Amstutz HC (1981) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he role of joint load in knee stability. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 
J Bone Joint Surg Am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  63:570-585
\par \tab [48] \tab Markolf KL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 , Mensch JS, Amstutz HC (1976) S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 tiffness and laxity of the knee--the contributions of the supporting structures. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  quantitative in vitro study. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 J Bone Joint Surg Am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  58:583-594
\par \tab [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  \tab McDermott ID, Amis AA (2006) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he consequences of meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:1549-1556
\par \tab [50] \tab McDermott ID, Lie DT, Edwar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 ds A, Bull AMJ, Amis AA (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6437077\charrsid6437077 in press}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 ) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he effects of lateral meniscal allograft transplantation techniques on tibio-femoral contact pressures. Knee Surg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  Sport}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Traum}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
\par \tab [51] \tab McDermott ID (2006) (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 eniscal tears. Curr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  Orthopaed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730  20:85-94
\par \tab [52] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 \tab McDevitt CA, Webber RJ (1990) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he ultrastructure and biochemistry of meniscal cartilage. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 
Clin Orthop Relat R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 252:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 8-18
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 \tab [53] \tab Messner K, Gao J (1998) The menisci of the knee joint. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 natomical and functional characteristics, and a rationale for clinical treatment. J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Anat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  193 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Pt 2):161-178
\par \tab [54] \tab Mow VC, Kuei S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 C, Lai WM, Armstrong CG (1980) B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 iphasic creep and stress relaxation of artic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 
ular cartilage in compression? T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 heory and experiments. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 102:73-84
\par \tab [55] \tab Muratsu, H., Ishimoto, K., Kurosaka, M., Yoshima, S., and Mizuno, K. (2000) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
he mechanical mapping of the meniscus.  Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society 171
\par \tab [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  \tab Nelson EW, LaPrade RF (2000) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 n anatomic study. Am J Sports Med 28:74-76
\par \tab [57] \tab Nuno N, Ahmed AM (2003) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 hree-dimensional morphometry of the femoral condyles. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 Clin}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 18:924-932
\par \tab [58] \tab Oretorp N, Gi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 llquist J, Liljedahl SO (1979) L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ong term results of surgery for non-acute anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee. Acta Orthop}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Scand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 50:329-336
\par \tab [59] \tab Paletta GA, Jr., Manning T, Snell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 E, Parker R, Bergfeld J (1997) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he effect of allograft meniscal replacement on intraarticular contact area an}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 d pressures in the human knee: A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med 25:692-698
\par \tab [60] \tab Petersen W, Tillmann B (1998) collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci. Anat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Embryol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 197:317-324
\par \tab [61] \tab Proctor CS, Schmidt MB, Whipp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 le RR, Kelly MA, Mow VC (1989) M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 aterial properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus. J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Orthop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 7:771-782
\par \tab [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 62] \tab Quapp KM, Weiss JA (1998) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 aterial characterization of human medial collateral ligament. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 120:757-763
\par \tab [63] \tab Race A, Amis AA (1994) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he mechanical properties of the two bundles of the human posterior cruciate ligament. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6437077 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 27:13-24
\par \tab [64] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 \tab Renstrom P, Johnson RJ (1990) A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 natomy and biomechanics of the menisci. Clin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Sport Med}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 9:523-538
\par \tab [65] \tab Robinso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 n JR, Bull AMJ, Amis AA (2005) S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 tructural properties of the medial collateral ligament complex of the human knee. J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 38:1067-1074
\par \tab [66] \tab Robinson JR, Bull }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 AMJ, Thomas RR, Amis AA (2006) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he role of the medial collateral ligament and posteromedial capsule in c
ontrolling knee laxity. Am J Sports Med 34:1815-1823
\par \tab [67] \tab Roos E (2005) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 oint injury causes knee osteoarthritis in young adults. Curr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 pin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 heumatol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 17:195-200
\par \tab [68] \tab Roos H, Adalberth T, D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 ahlberg L, Lohmander LS (1995) O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 steoarthritis of the knee after i
njury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age. Osteoarthr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Cartilage 3:261-267
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 \tab [69] \tab Seedhom BB (1976) L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 oadbearing function of the menisci. Physiotherapy 62:223
\par \tab [70] \tab S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 eedhom BB, Hargreaves D (1979) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ransmission of the load in the knee joint with special refere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 
nce to the role of the menisci. Part II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 xperimental results, discussion and conclusions. Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Med}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 8:220-228
\par \tab [71] \tab Sekaran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6437077  SV, Hull ML, Howell SM (2002) N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 onanatomic location of the posterior horn of a medial meni
scal autograft implanted in a cadaveric knee adversely affects the pressure distribution on the tibial plateau. Am J Sports Med 30:74-82
\par \tab [72] \tab S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 hoemaker SC, Markolf KL (1986) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he role of the meniscus in the anterior-posterior stability of the loaded ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8549210 erior cruciate-deficient knee. E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ffects of partial versus total excision. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 J Bone Joint Surg Am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
 68:71-79
\par \tab [73] \tab Smith CD, Masouros SD, Hill AM, Wallac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 e AL, Amis AA, Bull AMJ (2008) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ensile properties of the human glenoid labrum. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Anat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 212:49-54
\par \tab [74] \tab Sommerlath K, Gillquist J (199}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 2) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he effect of a meniscal prosthesis on knee biomechanics and cartilage. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8549210 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 n experimental study in rabbits. Am J Sports Med 20:73-81
\par \tab [75] \tab Sweigart MA, Zhu CF, Burt DM, deHoll PD, Agrawal CM, Cl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 anton TO, Athanasiou KA (2004) I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ntras
pecies and interspecies comparison of the compressive properties of the medial meniscus. Ann}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Biomed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 32:1569-1579
\par \tab [76] \tab Tissakht M, Ahmed AM (1995) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ensile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 J
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 28:411-422
\par \tab [77] \tab Vedi V, Williams A, Tennant SJ, Spouse E, Hunt DM, Gedroyc WM (1999) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 Meniscal movement. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 n in-vivo study using dynamic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 MRI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 J Bone Joint Surg Br }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 81:37-41
\par \tab [78] \tab Verdonk P, Depaepe Y, Desmyter S, De Muynck M, Almqvist KF, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 Verstraete K, Verdonk R (2004) N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ormal and tran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8549210 splanted lateral knee menisci: E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 valuation of extrusion using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound. Knee Surg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730 Sport Traum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 12:411-419
\par \tab [79] \tab Villegas DF, Maes JA, Ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 gee SD, Haut Donahue TL (2007) F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 ailure properties and strain distribution analysis of meniscal attachments. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Biomech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 40:2655-2662
\par \tab [80] \tab Voloshin AS, Wosk J (1983) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 hock absorption of meni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 scectomized and painful knees: A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  comparative in vivo study. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Biomed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2191730 Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 5:157-161
\par \tab [81}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 ] \tab Walker PS, Erkman MJ (1975) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 
Clin Orthop Relat R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 109:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 184-192
\par \tab [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 82] \tab Wang CJ, Walker PS (1974) R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 otatory laxity of the human knee joint. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8549210 J Bone Joint Surg Am }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 56:161-170
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 \tab [83] \tab Wirth CJ (1996) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 he meniscus--}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4094458 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
tructure, morphology and function. Knee 3:57-58
\par \tab [84] \tab Yao J, Lancianese S, Hovi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 nga K, Lee J, Lerner AL (2008) M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
agnetic resonance image analysis of meniscal translation and tibio-menisco-femoral contact in deep knee flexion. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730  Orthop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 Res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3738097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 26:673-684
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s47\ql \fi-820\li820\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tx540\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin820\itap0\pararsid2191730 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191730 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid87709 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s47\ql \fi-820\li820\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx540\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin820\itap0\pararsid87709 }}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\ql \fi-820\li820\ri0\widctlpar
\tqr\tx540\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin820\itap0\pararsid87709 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \sectd 
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1593947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
\lndscpsxn\pgwsxn16838\pghsxn11906\marglsxn1440\margrsxn1440\margtsxn1797\margbsxn1797\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1593947\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1593947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid1593947\charrsid1246779 Table 1: Tensile properties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7539965\charrsid1246779  of the meniscal tissue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1593947\charrsid1246779 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalb
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7691142 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Study}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 number of samples\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 thickness }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  width }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 [mm }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  mm]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
test speed\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 shape\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 type\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 orientation\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 location\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 tensile
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 modulus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 [MPa]\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalb\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil 
\cellx8362\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Proctor et al\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 72 (6 menisci)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  1.0\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.5 mm/min\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 dumbbell\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Bovine\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 circumferential\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 129}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 radial\cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Fithian et al\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 56 (7 knees)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 N/A\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.3% min}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\super\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 -1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 rectangular\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Human\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 circumferential\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Lateral
\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 220}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh276\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 118\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh276\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvmgf\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Tissakht and Ahmed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\super\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \cell }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 31 knees\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1.5-2.0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  1.75-3.0\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5.0% min}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\super\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 -1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 rectangular\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Human\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 circumferential\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Lateral
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 112\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 
\trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvmgf\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh276\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvmrg\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 83\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh276\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvmrg\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh276\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \cell \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.8-2.0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  1.75-3.0\cell \cell \cell \cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 radial\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Lateral\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 12\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh276\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil 
\cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 10\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5702419\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Goertzen et al\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5 menisci\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.75 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  2.6\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.6 mm/min\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 rectangular\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Bovine\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 circumferential\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 316\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 
\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row 
\ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell 
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 radial\cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow10\irowband10\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil 
\cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Muratsu et al\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 501 (6 knees)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1.0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  1.0\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 N/A\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 rectangular\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Porcine\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 circumferential\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Lateral\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow11\irowband11\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow12\irowband12\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Lechner et al\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 10 menisci\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  1.0\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.36 mm/min\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 dumbbell\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Human\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 circumferential\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 121}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow13\irowband13\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil 
\cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow14\irowband14\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh262\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 10 menisci\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1.5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  1.0\cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow14\irowband14\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh262\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil 
\cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow15\irowband15\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil \cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 10 menisci\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3.0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 180 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  1.0\cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7033211\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow15\irowband15\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1590\clshdrawnil \cellx1560\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1417\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1701\clshdrawnil \cellx4678\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx6096\clvertalc\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1275\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth991\clshdrawnil 
\cellx8362\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1474\clshdrawnil \cellx9836\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx10970\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1531\clshdrawnil \cellx12501\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458469 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid6491226 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10632538\charrsid16721483 
\par \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1593947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid1593947\charrsid1246779 Table 2: Comparison of the tensile modulus [MPa] of intra-articular tissues.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts52\trgaph108\trrh567\trleft-108\trftsWidth2\trwWidth5007\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0
\tblindtype3 \clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth485\clshdrawnil \cellx783\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth578\clshdrawnil \cellx1845\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth1003\clshdrawnil \cellx3688\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth927\clshdrawnil \cellx5390\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth1003\clshdrawnil \cellx7231\clvertalb\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth469\clshdrawnil \cellx8092\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth534\clshdrawnil 
\cellx9072\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid1246779\yts52 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Patella Tendon\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Major knee ligaments\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid2585222\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Meniscus\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 (circumferential samples)\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Acetabular Labrum\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Meniscus \line (radial samples)\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Glenoid Labrum\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Articular Cartilage\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7736965\charrsid7736965 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
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 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Butler</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>23</RecNum><IDText>Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments</IDText><MD\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
L Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>23</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Butler,D.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 _\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Primary>Kay,M.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stouffer,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Keywords>tendon</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprin
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
><Start_Page>425</Start_Page><End_Page>432</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CF445-51H/2/b92b5eb410a090578b4d5687b3d305ce</Web_URL><ZZ
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TE <Refman><Cite><Author>Quapp</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><IDText>Material characterization of human medial collateral ligament</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material charact
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
rization of human medial collateral ligament</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Quapp,K.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Weiss,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 N\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
ot in File</Reprint><Start_Page>757</Start_Page><End_Page>763</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Biomechanical Engineering</Periodical><Volume>120</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D9837-48F/2/2e92cf65b5fd
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
4d826cc0128ef600805</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Biomechanical Engineering</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Race</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><IDText>The mechan
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
cal properties of the two bundles of the human posterior cruciate ligament</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The mechanical properties of the two bundles of the human posterior cruciate ligament<
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Race,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>13</Start_Page><En
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
_Page>24</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>27</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CVSH7-3W9/2/7784351787d5ddf6c7429bd08dcacca6</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System"
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Butler</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>23</RecNum><IDText>Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 k\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
nee ligaments</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>23</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Butler,D.L.<
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kay,M.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stouffer,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Keywords>tendon</Keywords><Re
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
rint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>425</Start_Page><End_Page>432</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CF445-51H/2/b92b5eb410a090578b4d
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\ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8533667 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 [15,62,63]}}}\sectd \pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere
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\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Proctor</Author><Year>1989</Year\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
><RecNum>87</RecNum><IDText>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>87</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</Title_Primary><Aut
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
ors_Primary>Proctor,C.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,M.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whipple,R.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primar
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>771</Start_Page><End_Page>782</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</Periodical
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
<Volume>7</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CKN65-9W/2/a09115b73d3a78ad9ae46ca17bba6e7a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopa
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
dic Research Society</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Goertzen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>81</RecNum><IDText>Methodology and apparatus to determine material properties of the knee joint meniscus</ID
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
ext><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>81</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Methodology and apparatus to determine material properties of the knee joint meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Goertzen,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Budney,D.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cinats,J.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>412</Start_Page><En
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
_Page>419</End_Page><Periodical>Medical Engineering &amp; Physics</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D6KJ6-3V7/2/e81902d86efe455eee25b9e5b421e2bf</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f na
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\fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid2585222\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Human }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8533667 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fithian</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><IDText>Material prope\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
rties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>80</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Fithian,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
</Start_Page><End_Page>31</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-W3/2/d6fa72d419ccfb214a90ad0cd56d01e4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbre
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 v\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Tissakht</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>92</RecNum><IDText>Tensile stress-strain characteristics of the huma
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
 meniscal material</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>92</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tensile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tissakht,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Pri
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
ary>Ahmed,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>411</Start_Page><End_Page>422</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
<Volume>28</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-3YGTT1R-3P/2/9b6fa3608daec625fb051bfd3ecc99e2</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Z\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Z_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Lechner</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>314</RecNum><IDText>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location and Cross-Sectional Area?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 =\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
"Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>314</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location and Cross-Sectional Area?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lechner,K.</Autho
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
s_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hull,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,S.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>945</Start_Page><End_Page>951</End_Page><Periodical
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?eissn=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20;sid=swets%3Adbid;part=;date=2000;aulast=Lechner;volume=18;
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 g\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
enre=article;atitle=Is%20the%20Circumferential%20Tensile%20Modulus%20within%20a%20Human%20Medial%20Meniscus%20Affected%20by%20the%20Test%20Sample%20Location%20and%20Cross-Sectional%20Area%3F%20;spage=945;title=Journal%20of%20Orthopaedic%20Research;issue=6
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 ;\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 issn=0736-0266;aufirst=Kate</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt 
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\fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid2585222\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Bovine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7736965 \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8533667 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ferguson\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>100</RecNum><IDText>The material properties of the bovine acetabular labrum</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>100</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The material properties of the bovine acetabular l
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
brum</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferguson,S.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bryant,J.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ito,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>acetabular labrum</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywo
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ds><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>887</Start_Page><End_Page>896</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W7R-43RCYXN-R/2/9167d62
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 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ishiko</Author><Ye\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
ar>2005</Year><RecNum>101</RecNum><IDText>Tensile properties of the human acetabular labrum--the first report</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>101</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tensile properties of the human acetabular labrum-
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 -\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
the first report</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ishiko,Toshiyuki</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Naito,Masatoshi</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Moriyama,Shigeaki</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/11</Date_Primary><Keywords>acetabular labrum</Keywo
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
ds><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1448</Start_Page><End_Page>1453</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>23</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
rticle/B6W7R-4GWBDWN-1/2/3bbc1f37a70208af6fd3be8741cd3a51</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 
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\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Bovine }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8533667 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refma\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
n><Cite><Author>Proctor</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><IDText>Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>87</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties of the n
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
rmal medial bovine meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Proctor,C.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,M.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Whipple,R.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.<
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>771</Start_Page><End_Page>782</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</Periodical><Volume>7</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CKN65-9W/2/a09115b73d3a78ad9ae46ca17bba6e7a</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Orthopaed
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
c Research: Official Publication Of The Orthopaedic Research Society</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Goertzen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>81</RecNum><IDText>Methodology and apparatus to determine ma
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
erial properties of the knee joint meniscus</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>81</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Methodology and apparatus to determine material properties of the knee joint meniscus</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
Goertzen,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Budney,D.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cinats,J.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
n File</Reprint><Start_Page>412</Start_Page><End_Page>419</End_Page><Periodical>Medical Engineering &amp; Physics</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D6KJ6-3V7/2/e81902d86efe455eee25
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\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Human }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8533667 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fithian</Author><Year>1990\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><IDText>Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>80</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Material properties and structure-function relationship
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
 in the menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fithian,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kelly,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mow,V.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keyw
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
rds><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page><End_Page>31</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</Periodical><Issue>252</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45CM2VJ-W3/2/d6fa72d419ccf
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
214a90ad0cd56d01e4</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Tissakht</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>92</RecNum><IDText>T
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
nsile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>92</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tensile stress-strain characteristics of the human meniscal material</Title_Primary><Authors_P
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
imary>Tissakht,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ahmed,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>411</Start_Page><End_Page>422</End_Page
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 >\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
<Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T82-3YGTT1R-3P/2/9b6fa3608daec625fb051bfd3ecc99e2</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Biomecha
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
ics</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Lechner</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>314</RecNum><IDText>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
and Cross-Sectional Area?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>314</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Is the Circumferential Tensile Modulus within a Human Medial Meniscus Affected by the Test Sample Location and Cross-Sectional Area?</
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
itle_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lechner,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hull,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,S.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>945
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
/Start_Page><End_Page>951</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?eissn=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20;sid=swets%
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\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
e=Journal%20of%20Orthopaedic%20Research;issue=6;issn=0736-0266;aufirst=Kate</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
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DDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Smith</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>350</RecNum><IDText>Tensile properties of the human glenoid labrum</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>350</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Tensile propert
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
es of the human glenoid labrum</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,C.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Masouros,S.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hill,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wallace,A.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 .\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>elastic modulus</Keywords><Keywords>glenoid labrum</Keywords><Keywords>material properties</Keywords><Keywords>stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>tensi
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
e testing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>49</Start_Page><End_Page>54</End_Page><Periodical>Journal Of Anatomy</Periodical><Volume>212</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Misc_3>doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00832.x</Misc_3><Web_URL>http://www.bla
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
kwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00832.x</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal Of Anatomy</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Human }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8533667 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Auth\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
or>Hansen</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>257</RecNum><IDText>(iii) Material properties of biological tissues related to joint surgery</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>257</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>(iii) Material propertie
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
 of biological tissues related to joint surgery</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hansen,Ulrich</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Masouros,Spyridon</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,Andrew A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
iological tissues</Keywords><Keywords>bone</Keywords><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>16</Start_Page><End_Page>22</End_Page><Per
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
odical>Current Orthopaedics</Periodical><Volume>20</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WD9-4J3WSJV-2/2/e840194ae39fb373f4b31296609e6dbe</Web_URL><Web_URL_Link1><u>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&am
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\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth485\clshdrawnil \cellx783\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth578\clshdrawnil \cellx1845\clvertalc\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth464\clshdrawnil \cellx2698\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth539\clshdrawnil \cellx3688
\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth464\clshdrawnil \cellx4540\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth463\clshdrawnil \cellx5390\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth462\clshdrawnil \cellx6238\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth541\clshdrawnil \cellx7231\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth469\clshdrawnil \cellx8092\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth534\clshdrawnil \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow2\irowband2\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts52\trgaph108\trrh567\trleft-108\trftsWidth2\trwWidth5007\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth485\clshdrawnil \cellx783\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth578\clshdrawnil \cellx1845\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth464\clshdrawnil \cellx2698\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth539\clshdrawnil \cellx3688\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth464\clshdrawnil \cellx4540\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth463\clshdrawnil \cellx5390\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth462\clshdrawnil \cellx6238\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth541\clshdrawnil \cellx7231\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth469\clshdrawnil \cellx8092
\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth534\clshdrawnil \cellx9072\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid1593947\yts52 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 500-700\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 300\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid11151537\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 210}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid4458469\charrsid7736965 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 110}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid7736965 
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 75\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 65\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 25\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 10\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 25\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2 to 20\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs18\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7736965\charrsid7736965 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts52\trgaph108\trrh567\trleft-108\trftsWidth2\trwWidth5007\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth485\clshdrawnil \cellx783\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth578\clshdrawnil \cellx1845\clvertalc
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth464\clshdrawnil \cellx2698\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth539\clshdrawnil \cellx3688\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth464\clshdrawnil \cellx4540\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth463\clshdrawnil \cellx5390\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth462\clshdrawnil \cellx6238\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth541\clshdrawnil \cellx7231\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth469\clshdrawnil \cellx8092
\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth2\clwWidth534\clshdrawnil \cellx9072\row }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1593947 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094487 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6491226\charrsid16721483 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094487\charrsid16721483 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1593947\charrsid1246779 Table 3: Compressive properties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7539965\charrsid1246779  of the meniscal tissue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid1593947\charrsid1246779 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8961\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1873\clshdrawnil \cellx1843\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth992\clshdrawnil \cellx3969\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx5387
\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1984\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560\clshdrawnil \cellx8931\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid7691142 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Study}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 
number of samples\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 type\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 location\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5711431\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Aggregate }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 modulus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 [MPa]\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 permeability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 [10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\super\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 -15}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\super\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 /Ns]\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8961\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1873\clshdrawnil \cellx1843\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth992\clshdrawnil \cellx3969\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx5387\clvertalb\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1984\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560\clshdrawnil 
\cellx8931\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8961\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1873\clshdrawnil \cellx1843\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth992\clshdrawnil \cellx3969\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx5387\clvertalc\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1984\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560\clshdrawnil \cellx8931
\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Proctor et al
\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 63\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 bovine\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.41\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid5583118 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 8.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8961\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1873\clshdrawnil \cellx1843\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth992\clshdrawnil \cellx3969\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1418\clshdrawnil \cellx5387\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1984\clshdrawnil \cellx7371\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560\clshdrawnil \cellx8931\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Joshi et al\cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 bovine\cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid275526\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.11}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid275526\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3.3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh247\trleft-30\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8961\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind78\tblindtype3 
\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1873\clshdrawnil \cellx1843\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1134\clshdrawnil \cellx2977\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth992\clshdrawnil \cellx3969\clvertalc\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
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\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560\clshdrawnil \cellx8931\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1560\clshdrawnil \cellx8931\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow5\irowband5\lastrow \ltrrow
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\cellx8931\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8418978\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0  menisci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 human\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid8418978\charrsid16721483 
\hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 Medial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \cell \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 0.12\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl
\tx674\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\pararsid5702419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1.8\cell }\pard \ltrpar
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\cellx8931\row {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s46 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\langfenp2057\insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
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\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc9\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr9\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12011434 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1593947\charrsid16721483 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7539965\charrsid16721483 List of F}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011434\charrsid16721483 igure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7539965\charrsid16721483 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011434\charrsid16721483  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1205561 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \deleted\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561\charrsid1205561 
Figure 1: The menisci in a left cadaver tibial plateau. LM: Lateral Meniscus, MM: Medial Meniscus, AIL: Anterior Intermeniscal Ligament.
\par Figure 2: (a) Load transfer through the knee joint. The menisci extrude under axial joint load.
\par (b) Contact areas decrease and contact stresses increase following meniscectomy (re-printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\deleted\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561\charrsid1205561  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McDermott</
Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>302</RecNum><IDText>The consequences of meniscectomy</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>302</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The consequences of meniscectomy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,
I
.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/12/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Reprint>Not 
i
n File</Reprint><Start_Page>1549</Start_Page><End_Page>1556</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint Surg Br</Periodical><Volume>88-B</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/content/abstract/88-B/12/1549</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="Sy
stem">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Br</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \deleted\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561\charrsid1205561 [49]}}}\sectd \pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere
\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \deleted\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561\charrsid1205561 ).
\par Figure 3: The meniscotibial (MT) and meniscofemoral (MF) parts of the dMCL in a cadaver knee. MM: Medial meniscus, MFC: Medial Femoral Condyle, MTP: Medial Tibial Plateau (re-printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \deleted\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561\charrsid1205561  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>LaPrade</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>334</Re
cNum><IDText>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>334</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>LaPrade,Robert F.</Authors_Pr
i
mary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,Anders Hauge</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ly,Thuan V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johansen,Steinar</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wentorf,Fred A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,Lars</Authors_P
r
imary><Date_Primary>2007/9/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>Medial patellofemoral ligament</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Keywords>tendon</Keywo
r
ds><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2000</Start_Page><End_Page>2010</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint Surg Am</Periodical><Volume>89</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/9/2000</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f
 name="System">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Am</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\deleted\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561\charrsid1205561 [41]}}}\sectd \pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere
\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \deleted\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\delrsid1205561\charrsid1205561 )
\par Figure 4: The anterior and posterior MFLs in a left cadaver tibial plateau. LM: Lateral Meniscus, aMFL: anterior MFL, PCL: Posterior Cruciate Ligament, pMFL: posterior MFL.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\pnrauth1\pnrdate-959938299\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1205561 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 Figure 1: The menisci in a left cadaver tibial plateau. LM: Lateral Meniscus, MM: Medial Meniscus, AIL: Anterior Intermeniscal Ligament.
\par Figure 2: Schematic of meniscal histology. (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ) Superficial network, (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ) Lamellar layer, (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ) Central main layer, (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 Arrowheads}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ) Radial interwoven fibres, (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 Arrow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ) Loose connective tissue (re-printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Petersen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><IDText>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>86</Ref_ID
>
<Title_Primary>Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petersen,W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tillmann,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>histology</Keywords><Keywords
>
knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>317</Start_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodical>Anatomy And Embryology</Periodical><Volume>197</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Web_URL>http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D7C09-1Y6/2/56f8df7a5498cf78c537e2cc7a3e2f96</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Anatomy And Embryology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 [60]}}}\sectd 
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ).
\par Figure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 
Sketch of the meniscus showing an approximate, average circumferential (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid6429824 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af244\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f244\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\sub\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid6429824 \'e8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 ), radial (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid6429824 
E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\sub\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 ) and compressive (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid6429824 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\sub\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 ) modulus in the human.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 
\par Figure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 : (a) Load transfer through the knee joint. The menisci extrude under axial joint load.
\par (b) Contact areas decrease and contact stresses increase following meniscectomy (re-printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McDermott</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>302</RecNum><IDText>The consequences of meniscectomy</IDText><MD
L Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>302</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The consequences of meniscectomy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/12/1</Date_
P
rimary><Keywords>cartilage</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1549</Start_Page><End_Page>1556</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint 
S
urg Br</Periodical><Volume>88-B</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/content/abstract/88-B/12/1549</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbre
v><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Br</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 [49]}}}\sectd \pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere
\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ). 
\par (c) Contact stress distribution (in MPa) in the tibial cartilage of the intact and meniscectomised joint (re-printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chen</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>289</RecNum><IDText>Is it important to secure the horns during lateral meniscal transplantation? A cadaveric study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_T
ype><Ref_ID>289</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Is it important to secure the horns during lateral meniscal transplantation? A cadaveric study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chen,Michael I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Branch,Thomas P.</Authors_Primary><Auth
o
rs_Primary>Hutton,William C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscal transplantation</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keywords><Keywords>Pressure-sensitive film</Key
w
ords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>174</Start_Page><End_Page>181</End_Page><Periodical>Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
a
rticle/B6WB8-4CG22CC-51/2/4efaacb521785cad4b3abe8c397b8572</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic &amp; Related Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Se
k
aran</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>287</RecNum><IDText>Nonanatomic Location of the Posterior Horn of a Medial Meniscal Autograft Implanted in a Cadaveric Knee Adversely Affects the Pressure Distribution on the Tibial Plateau</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Jour
n
al"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>287</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nonanatomic Location of the Posterior Horn of a Medial Meniscal Autograft Implanted in a Cadaveric Knee Adversely Affects the Pressure Distribution on the Tibial Plateau</Title_Primary><Au
t
hors_Primary>Sekaran,S.Vijay</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hull,Maury L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,Stephen M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>transplant</Keywords><Reprint>Not in 
F
ile</Reprint><Start_Page>74</Start_Page><End_Page>82</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>30</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/74</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journ
a
l of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Alhalki</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>348</RecNum><IDText>Contact Mechani
c
s of the Medial Tibial Plateau After Implantation of a Medial Meniscal Allograft: A Human Cadaveric Study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>348</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Contact Mechanics of the Medial Tibial Plateau After I
m
plantation of a Medial Meniscal Allograft: A Human Cadaveric Study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Alhalki,Mohammad M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hull,Maury L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howell,Stephen M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/
5
/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>bone</Keywords><Keywords>compression</Keywords><Keywords>Contact area</Keywords><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscus</Keyw
o
rds><Keywords>Pressure-sensitive film</Keywords><Keywords>transplant</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>370</Start_Page><End_Page>376</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs
.
sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/3/370</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MD
L
></Cite><Cite><Author>Paletta</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>349</RecNum><IDText>The Effect of Allograft Meniscal Replacement on Intraarticular Contact Area and Pressures in the Human Knee: A Biomechanical Study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type
>
Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>349</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Effect of Allograft Meniscal Replacement on Intraarticular Contact Area and Pressures in the Human Knee: A Biomechanical Study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paletta,George A.,Jr.</Authors_Primary>
<
Authors_Primary>Manning,Tim</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Snell,Edward</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Parker,Richard</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bergfeld,John</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997/9/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anterior</Keywords>
<
Keywords>bone</Keywords><Keywords>Contact area</Keywords><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscal replacement</Keywords><Keywords>Meniscectomy</Keywords><Keywords>Pressure-sensitive film
<
/Keywords><Keywords>testing</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>692</Start_Page><End_Page>698</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Sports Med</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Web_URL>http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/5/69
2
</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Sports Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>McDermott</Author>
<
Year>2008</Year><RecNum>364</RecNum><IDText>The effects of lateral meniscal allograft transplantation techniques on tibio-femoral contact pressures</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>364</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The effects 
o
f lateral meniscal allograft transplantation techniques on tibio-femoral contact pressures</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McDermott,I.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lie,D.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Pri
m
ary>Bull,A.M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amis,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>Allograft</Keywords><Keywords>contact</Keywords><Keywords>Contact pressure</Keywords><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Ke
y
words><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</Periodical><Volume>in press</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_Wo
rkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 [50]}}}\sectd 
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 Figure 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 : Meniscal motion when weight-bearing. Average values (in mm) across knee flexion (0\'b0-90\'b0) (re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 
printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Vedi</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>93</RecNum
><IDText>Meniscal movement. An in-vivo study using dynamic MRI</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>93</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Meniscal movement. An in-vivo study using dynamic MRI</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vedi,V.</Aut
h
ors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Williams,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tennant,S.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Spouse,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hunt,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gedroyc,W.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1
9
99/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>menisci</Keywords><Keywords>MRI</Keywords><Keywords>properties</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>37</Start_Page><End_Page>41</End_Page><Periodical>The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</Periodi
c
al><Volume>81</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45D8N2K-1HH/2/548bd4b549dce315b8f7e44b779aa9c6</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">The Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery.British Volume</f></ZZ_Jo
urnalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 [77]}}}\sectd 
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 Figure 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 
: Saggital MR image of the medial compartment of a 23-year old female in deep knee flexion. MM: Medial meniscus, MFC: Medial Femoral Condyle, MTP: Medial Tibial Plateau (re-printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 
 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Seedhom</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>277</RecNum><IDText>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, dis
cussion and conclusions</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>277</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Transmission of the load in the knee joint with special reference to the role of the menisci Part II: experimental results, discussion a
n
d conclusions</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Seedhom,B.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hargreaves,DJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>experimental</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>load</Keywords><Keywords>menis
c
i</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>220</Start_Page><End_Page>228</End_Page><Periodical>Engineering In Medicine</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0046-2039</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_l
o
cal?genre=article;atitle=Transmission%20of%20the%20load%20in%20the%20knee%20joint%20with%20special%20reference%20to%20the%20role%20of%20the%20menisci%20Part%20II%3A%20experimental%20results%2C%20discussion%20and%20conclusions;title=ARCHIVE%3A%20Engineerin
g
%20in%20Medicine%201971-1988%20%28vols%201-17%29;issn=00462039;date=01%2F10%2F1979;volume=8;issue=4;spage=220;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;authors=%20B%20B%20Seedhom%2C%20%20D%20J%20Hargreaves;epage=228;author=%20B%20B%20Seedhom;a
u
last=Seedhom;aufirst=B%20B</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Yao</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>362</RecNum><IDText>Magnetic resonan
c
e image analysis of meniscal translation and tibio-menisco-femoral contact in deep knee flexion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>362</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Magnetic resonance image analysis of meniscal translation and ti
b
io-menisco-femoral contact in deep knee flexion</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yao,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lancianese,SL</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hovinga,KR</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lee,J</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>L
e
rner,AL.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>contact</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>meniscal</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>673</Start_Page><End_Page>684</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orthopaed
i
c Research</Periodical><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0736-0266</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL><u>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/117882462/</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Orthopaedic Research</f></ZZ
_
JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Amiri</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>365</RecNum><IDText>Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: interaction between the ligaments and the articular surfaces in guiding the
 
joint motion</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>365</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Mechanics of the passive knee joint. Part 2: interaction between the ligaments and the articular surfaces in guiding the joint motion</Title_Primar
y
><Authors_Primary>Amiri,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cooke,D</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kim,IY</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wyss,U</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords>
<
Keywords>ligaments</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>821</Start_Page><End_Page>832</End_Page><Periodical>Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers.Part H, Journal Of Engineering In Medicine</Periodical><Volume>221</Volume><I
s
sue>8</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0954-4119</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>http://metalib.lib.ic.ac.uk:9003/sfx_local?genre=article&amp;atitle=Mechanics%20of%20the%20passive%20knee%20joint.%20Part%202%3A%20interaction%20between%20the%20ligaments%20and%20the%20articular%20surf
a
ces%20in%20guiding%20the%20joint%20motion&amp;title=Proceedings%20of%20the%20Institution%20of%20Mechanical%20Engineers%2C%20Part%20H%3A%20Journal%20of%20Engineering%20in%20Medicine&amp;issn=09544119&amp;date=01%2F01%2F2007&amp;volume=221&amp;issue=8&amp;s
p
age=821&amp;authors=S%20Amiri%2C%20D%20Cooke%2C%20I%20Y%20Kim%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;authors=S%20Amiri%2C%20D%20Cooke%2C%20I%20Y%20Kim%2C%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;epage=832&amp;author=S%20Amiri&amp;aulast=Amiri&amp;aufirst=S</Web_URL><Z
Z_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers.Part H, Journal Of Engineering In Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 [84]}}}\sectd \pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere
\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 ). 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 Figure 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 : The meniscotibial (MT) 
and meniscofemoral (MF) parts of the dMCL in a cadaver knee. MM: Medial meniscus, MFC: Medial Femoral Condyle, MTP: Medial Tibial Plateau (re-printed with permission }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>LaPrade</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>334</Rec
Num><IDText>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>334</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Anatomy of the Medial Part of the Knee</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>LaPrade,Robert F.</Authors_Pri
m
ary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,Anders Hauge</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ly,Thuan V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Johansen,Steinar</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wentorf,Fred A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Engebretsen,Lars</Authors_Pr
i
mary><Date_Primary>2007/9/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>anatomy</Keywords><Keywords>Clinical</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>ligament</Keywords><Keywords>Medial patellofemoral ligament</Keywords><Keywords>repair</Keywords><Keywords>tendon</Keywor
d
s><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2000</Start_Page><End_Page>2010</End_Page><Periodical>J Bone Joint Surg Am</Periodical><Volume>89</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><Web_URL>http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/9/2000</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f 
name="System">Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Bone Joint Surg Am</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 [41]}}}\sectd \pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1588\margrsxn1588\margtsxn1440\margbsxn1440\linex0\colsx540\endnhere
\colno1\colw8951\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10946325\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 )
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561 Figure 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm-959938299\langfenp1033\insrsid1205561\charrsid8593083 : The anterior and posterior MFLs 
in a left cadaver tibial plateau. LM: Lateral Meniscus, aMFL: anterior MFL, PCL: Posterior Cruciate Ligament, pMFL: posterior MFL.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\qj \fi357\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12011434 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011434 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid87709 
\par 
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\jclisttab\tx0\tx360\tx397\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\ls10
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\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc10\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr10\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12011434 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7539965\charrsid16721483 List of Tables}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011434\charrsid16721483 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid87709 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\kerning14\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid7539965\charrsid87709 Table 1: Tensile properties of the meniscal tissue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid6491226\charrsid87709 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid7539965\charrsid87709 
\par Table 2: Comparison of the tensile modulus [MPa] of intra-articular tissues.
\par Table 3: Compressive properties of the meniscal tissue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid6491226\charrsid87709 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid7539965\charrsid87709 
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